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MODULO 3 EKT UFPS Students’ guide
ENGLISH COURSE TO HELP STUDENTS WHO WILL PRESENT THE
EKT-U.F.P.S. - (ENGLISH KNOWLEDGES TEST AT THE U.F.P.S.)
Council of Acad. ruling 200/6/11/07;Council of Adm.: agreement 11/5/
N° THIRD PART - CONTENTS HS/C ∑/
H
17 ADJECTIVES 2 40 OK
18 ADVERBS 1 41 OK
19 CONJUNCTIONS 2 43 OK
20 PREPOSITIONS 3 46 OK
21 DO/MAKE 1 47 OK
22 MODAL VERBS 2 49 OK
23 CONDITIONAL 2 51 OK
24 PHRASAL VERBS (IDIOMS) 3 54 OK
25 VOCABULARIES 3 58 OK
FINAL TEST 2 60
17 ADJECTIVES 2 40 OK
17A. COMPARISONS
01 Cali is a beautiful Colombian city. 02 Medellin is larger than Cali 03 Bogotá is the largest city in Colombia 04 Barranquilla is as large as Medellin 05 Bucaramanga is a commercial city 06 Medellin is more commercial than Bucaramanga 07 Bogotá is the most commercial city of them all. 08 Medellin is beautiful 09 Cali is as beautiful as Medellin 10 Barranquilla isn’t as beautiful as Cali. 11 Cali isn’t so cool as Medellin. 12 It’s [………] It’s […….…] than It’s the [……….] good better Best bad worse Worst little less least far farther farthest much more most many more most
good/well - bueno, bien better - mejor (the) best - el mejor bad/badly - mal worse - peor (the) worst - el peor much/many - mucho/muchos more - más (the) most - el/los más little - poco less - menos (the) least - el menos far - lejos farther/furthe r - más lejos (the) farthest/furthest - el más lejano 17B. ADJECTIVE FORMATION: They seemed to be (...) agreeable disagreeable similar dissimilar afraid unafraid clear unclear fair unfair healthy unhealthy direct indirect complete incomplete existent nonexistent political nonpolitical faithful unfaithful continuous discontinuous active inactive natural unnatural perfect imperfect selfish unselfish educational noneducational fortunate unfortunate eventful uneventful formal informal respectful disrespectful pure impure wealthy unwealthy friendly unfriendly beautiful worthless dangerous accidental basic childish different pleasant comfortable sensible active imaginative crowded surprising wonderful marvelous ordinary easy hard complicated good nice salty hot 17C. BASIC ADJECTIVES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE afraid bad big black blind blue bright broad brown busy certain clean clear cold cool dark dear deep different fair famous fat first five foreing four fresh full gentle glad good great green happy hard heavy high hot little long loud low mad middle necessary nervous new nice old one pleasant poor possible pretty probable proud public rich sad safe second seven short sick simple single six slow small soft sorry special straight strange strong sweet three twelve twenty two warm weak white wide wild wise worth wrong yellow young next sure half important forward
He’s working [.............] Place: here, there, near, far, far from, inside, out, out of, up, down, ahead, in back of, over, under, behind Time: I work [...] I worked [...] I will work[...] I’m working[...] today, yesterday, the day before yesterday, tomorrow, last night, now, before, after, then late, early, soon, always, never, seldom, rarely, frequently, usually, ever, sometimes, often, recently, already, yet, every month, every week, every year, last month, next week, next time, now and then, in an hour, every other day. Mood He works [...] He worked [...] He will work [...] He’s working [...] well, badly, better, slowly, promptly, correctly, gladly, foolishly, weekly, monthly, perfectly, sadly, softly, suddenly, plainly, happily, formally, daily, instantly, yearly Quantity How much paper did you buy? How many papers did you buy? much, a little, a few, more, less, enough, nothing, some everything, something, many, a lot of, lots of, plenty, a great deal. Order first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, successively, respectively, lately, (the) former, (the) latter yes, also, certainly, sure, surely, effectively, no, nor, clearly, neither, either, never, maybe, perhaps 18B. STRUCTURE OF ADVERBS IN ENGLISH bad, badly/ quick, quickly/ luxurious, luxuriously/ public, publicly/ faithful, faithfully/ cheap, cheaply/ easy, easily/ true, truly/ sad, sadly/ probable, probably/ honest, honestly/ happy, happily/ nice, nicely/ beautiful, beautifully/ changeable, changeably/ perfect, perfectly/
19 CONJUNCTIONS AND OTHER FUNCTION WORDS 2 43 OK
19. CONJUNCTIONS
and They were drinking and laughing. but He likes to do everything but study. for He went there for he was thirsty. or Would you like to speak about Lucy or Fanny? nor I’d neither speak about Lucy nor Fanny.
so He didn’t call me up, so I called him up. yet We haven’t finished our study yet.
19B. DETERMINANTS
the These are the basic function words in English. a This is a very important exercise. an That is an interesting practice. my Those are my university books. your Where’s your teacher’s signature? his Which are his technical works? her Why is her decision unimportant? its When is its library open? our How are our letters delivered? their How long are their kids going to be here) this This experiment is very hard. that Which structure shows that engineer? these Did you plan these operations? those Could you attend those organizations? each Would each one produce a larger amount? every Does every company build up a bridge? no We have no time to lose. both Have both subjects been studied? some Some people do not like to take trips. any Should any technician be invited to the forum? all All of them like to investigate in their field many Many electricians work in the country. much Do you eat much food at night? few Very few people go to the university in Colombia. several Several nurses teach special programs in Cúcuta. either Don’t forget to take either this map or the other. neither Neither this lawyer nor the other were right. more Shall we need more experiments? most Most people lose lots of time doing nothing. 19C. INTENSIFIERS very It is very important that you know yourself. quite We were quite tired after such a work. somewhat It is somewhat difficult to be used. rather It is rather easy to learn a language. pretty It could be pretty well understood. mighty They were mighty important for everyone. little Do you feel a little better now? so They have so little time to study that subject. too Life in Cúcuta is too expensive. more We have to get more money for living. most It is the most beautiful place in the world.
however He was a tennis player; however, he couldn’t play table tennis. indeed They were in the farm, indeed, they forced to work there in addition They lost a lot of money, in addition to it, there was an accident. in fact They were published. They were, in fact, very good. moreover She is a fast typist, moreover, she is diligent. nevertheless The tests were given; nevertheless, nobody answered them. then They were stated, and then they could take right decisions. thus It was settled so, thus, no one can change it. 19F. INTERROGATIVE WORDS what What is the importance of the university? where Where was the meeting taking place? when When is the party going to be over? why Why would you like to go there? How How could you do it again? which Which career do you like best? whose Whose house are you going to buy? who(m) Who(m) did you visit yesterday? who Who visited you? 20 PREPOSITIONS 3 46 OK about Acerca de This guide is about English structures. above Por encima de The university is above high school. across A través de We walked across the International Bridge. after Después de Study one word after another. against Contra Prepare yourself against any adversity. along A lo largo de Be yourself along your pass over this planet among En medio de There are many thinkers among Colombians around Alrededor de Let’s take a trip around our country. at En We are at the university. before Antes Make plans before you start anything. behind Detrás de You can’t stay behind others, go ahead. below Por debajo de The temperature in Cúcuta isn’t below 30°C. beneath Por debajo de Your words must not be beneath your thought. beside Al lado de The Erasmos Meoz Hospital is beside the I.S.S. besides Además de Did you study another career besides this one? between Entre La Don Juana is between Cúcuta and Pamplona beyond Más allá de Is the moon beyond man’s reach now? by Por Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare. despite A pesar de You will learn English despite its problems.
down Abajo Let’s go down the river. during Durante Have a break during your work for Por, para You should be learning for yourself from De, desde Where are you from? in En, dentro de Business used to be the main occupation here. inside Dentro de Have you ever been inside a theater for plays? into Dentro de Change your sorrows into happiness by working like Como Life is like a chess game, isn’t it? near Cerca de There is a hospital near U.F.P.S. of De We all are part of the education system. off Fuera In december you are off your studies and work. on En St. Joseph Cathedral is on fifth avenue. onto Sobre The seed were spread onto the dessert. over Por encima de Jets fly over this beautiful city Cúcuta. since Desde U.F.P.S. has been functioning since 1962. through A través de UFPS has grown through the work of people. throughout En todo It is well known throughout the country. till-until Hasta Read carefully till (until) you understand. toward Hacia You are going toward a better future. under Debajo de Your percentage can’t be under 64% up Arriva Climb up any stairs, step by step. upon Sobre Don’t climb upon the clouds of your dreams. with Con Do you live in peace with yourself? within Dentro de San Antonio is within 10 kms from Cúcuta. without sin You cannot go ahead without others. 21 DO/MAKE 1 47 OK 21A. DO/MAKE Mrs. Jones is a housewife - La señora Jones es una ama de casa She has to do the housework Ella tiene que hacer el trabajo de la casa She has to make the beds Ella tiene que hacer las camas She has to do the cooking Ella tiene que cocinar She has to make breakfast Ella tiene que hacer el desayuno She has to do the washing up Ella tiene que fregar los platos She has to make lunch Ella tiene que hacer el almuerzo She has to do the washing/the laundry Ella tiene que lavar la ropa sucia She has to make dinner Ella tiene que hacer la cena She has to do the shopping Ella tiene que hacer las compras She has to make coffee/tea Ella tiene que hacer café/té She has to do the ironing Ella tiene que planchar la ropa She has to make a cake Ella tiene que hacer un torta She has to do the dusting Ella tiene que quitar el polvo a las cosas She has to make sure that the house is in order Ella tiene que asegurarse que la casa esté en orden
verb) MODALS (A) USO Ejemplos Traducción y explicación Expresar habilidad She can read in French She could read when she was four She was able to read French stories Ella lee en Francés Ella sabía leer cuando tenía cuatro años Ella podía leer cuentos en Francés Pedir y dar Permiso Can I go out, teacher? Could you turn on the T.V.? You may leave now Puedo salir, profe? (Uso común) Puedes encender la T.V? (Uso popular) Puedes salir ahora. (Uso popular) Preguntar (^) Can you erase the board, please? Could you erase the board, please? Puede borrar el tablero (Poco cortés) Podrías borrar el tablero (Más cortés) Expresar Necesidad You have to go to bed now You have got to go to bed now. He had to go to bed early You must go to bed now You must run or you’ll be late Debes irte a dormir Tienes que irte a dormir Tuvo que acostarse temprano Debes acostarte ya Debes apresurarte o llegarás tarde (con poder sobre otro=must) Expresar carencia You don’t have to leave until 8: She didn’t have to write letters No tienes que irte sino hasta las 8: Ella no tuvo que escribir cartas. Dar consejo You should study every day. You ought to study every day He shouldn’t have brought that He ought not to have brought that. Deberías estudiar todos los días Tu tienes que estudiar todos los días. El no debería haber traído eso. El no tenía que haber traído eso. (Se usan para acciones (in/correctas) Dar Ordenes You mustn’t smoke so much. You must take care of your health You are not to be out You are to be here No debes fumar tanto. Debes cuidar tu salud. No debes estar afuera. Debes estar aquí Expresar certidumbre E imposibilidad He has played all day. He must be tired He has not played. He can’t be tired. She is not at school. She must have gone home. El ha jugado todo el día. Debe estar cansado. El no ha jugado. No puede estar cansado. Ella no esta en el colegio. Debe haberse ido a casa. Must y can’t son opuestos en significado. Hablando del Futuro It will rain tonight. I shall invite you when we have made some money Lloverá esta anoche. Te invitaré cuando hayamos ganado más dinero. (Will es más común que shall. Shall es usado familiarmente solo con (I y WE) Expresar Posibilidad It may rain tonight It might rain tonight Puede que llueva esta noche. (+) Podría llover esta noche. (-) Hablar del pasado I used to play pebbles when I was a boy. We would rarely stay out at night Yo jugaba canicas cuando era niño. Rara vez estaríamos afuera de noche MODALS (B) (not) --- (n’t) Preguntas Describiendo lo que alguien dijo Can He can not speak German He can’t speak German Can he speak German? He sai d he could speak German Could I couldn’t swim Could you swim She said she could swim when she was a
when I was a little girl When you were a little girl? little girl May You may not go to the river today. May I go to the river? I said you ma y not go Might We might not be at home Where might they be? They said they migh t stay at the hotel. Shall We shall not work on Saturday Shall we go to work on Saturday? He said we should go to the park on Saturday. Must They must not walk Must they walk now? She said they must walk now. Have to You don’t have to study Do you have to study? I said you have to study Are to You aren’t to leave your work Are you to leave your work? He said they were to leave their work Should He should visit the doctor Should he visit the doctor? I said you should visit the doctor. Ought to You ought not to teach there. Ought you to teach there? They said you ought to teach there Will It won’t be a sunny day Will it a sunny day? I said it wouldn’t be a sunny day Used to I didn’t use to smoke at the office Did you use to smoke at the office? She said she used to smoke at home. Would I would not come back tomorrow Would you come back tomorrow? He said I wouldn’t come back tomorrow
23 CONDITIONAL 2 51 OK
Type I Present Will / can / may / must + V If he is busy now, I will come back tomorrow Si está ocupado ahora, regresaré mañana If I have time, I'll visit my parents this afternoon Si tengo tiempo, visitaré a mis padres esta tarde If it is warm tomorrow, we'll go to the beach Si está caluroso mañana, iremos a la playa If it is cold, you must wear warm clothes Si está frío, debes usar ropa abrigada Type II Past Would / could / might + V If I were in Brazil, I would go to Río de Janeiro Si yo estuviese en Brasil, iría a Río de Janeiro If I were you, I would buy that car Si yo fuera vos, compraría ese auto If he were in my place, he wouldn't do this Si él estuviese en mi lugar, no haría esto If I had more money, I would buy a nice appartment Si yo tuviese más dinero, me compraría un lindo apartamento Type III Past Perfect Would / could / might + have V If I had seen him, I would have told him about you Si lo hubiese visto, le habría contado acerca de ti If I had known the answer, I would have raised my hand Si hubiese sabido la respuesta, habría levantado mi mano If she had come on Saturday, I would have seen her Si ella hubiese venido el sábado, la habría visto If they had left earlier, they would have arrived on Si ellos hubiesen salido más temprano, habrían
Come in (^) siga I had a suit made. (^) tenia un traje Come on (^) vamos I have a suit made. (^) tengo un traje Cross out (^) tachar I have to go (^) tengo que ir Cut off (^) cortar In a hurry (^) de prisa Cut out (^) eliminar In time (^) a tiempo Do over (^) hacer It’s cold. (^) hace frio Fall through (^) fracasar It’s early (^) es temprano Find out (^) hallar It’s hot. (^) hace calor For good (^) para siempre It’s late. (^) es tarde Get along (^) llevarsela bien It’s one o’clock (^) la una en punto Get back (^) regresar It’s up to you (^) depende de ud.
24B. SOME BASIC COMMON IDIOMS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
(Meanings can change)
Keep back (^) retener Right away (^) inmediatamente Keep in mind (^) tener en mente See about (^) ver Keep on (^) seguir Set forth (^) exponer Keep out (^) mantenerse afuera So far (^) hasta la presente Keep out of (^) prohibir entrada Take a walk (^) caminar Look for (^) buscar Take advantage (^) tomar ventaja Look into (^) examinar Take after (^) parecerse a Look over (^) revisar Take apart (^) separar Look up (^) mejorar Take care of (^) cuidar Make clear (^) aclarar Take off (^) quitarse Make good (^) cumplir Take on (^) asumir Make out (^) distiinguir Take out (^) sacar Make up (^) hacer Take over (^) ocupar Make up your mind (^) haga su voluntad Take part (^) participar Mix up (^) mesclar Take part in (^) participar Now and again (^) una y otra vez Take place (^) tener lugar Now and then (^) de vez en cuando Take turns (^) turnarse Off and on (^) de vez en cuando Take up (^) tomar On purpose (^) a propósito Take up with (^) llevarsela con On the whole (^) del todo Talk over (^) discutir On time (^) a tiempo There are (^) hay Once in a while (^) de vez en cuando There is (^) hay Out of order (^) fuera de uso There was (^) había Over and over (^) una y otra vez There were (^) había Pick out (^) seleccionar Throw away (^) botar Pick up (^) recoger Throw out (^) sacar Point out (^) señalar Time is over (^) se acabo el tiempo
Put away (^) botar Time is up (^) se acabo el tiempo Put off (^) cancelar To be (x) years old. (^) tener (x) años Put off (^) apagar To be angry. (^) estar enojado Put on (^) ponerse To be hungry (^) tener hambre Put out (^) apagar To be over (^) acabar Put together (^) reunir To be thirsty (^) tener sed Put up (^) terminar Try on (^) probarse Quite a few (^) unos pocos Turn off (^) apagar Wear out (^) desgastar Up to date (^) hasta la presente
24C. (TEXTS) USING SOME BASIC COMMON IDIOMS
OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE (Meanings can change)
The use of phrasal verbs (or idioms) (or two or more word verbs) is above all a very common way of expressing in English. The idioms have different meanins. You can say “Please take off your hat” or “The plane can’t take off because of the rain”. In the first case it referes to uncover the head and the second one about a plane that can’t start its flight. At first it is a little difficult but with at least a couple of hours of practice you will be ready to use them properly. I think you are getting ready for this practice. I advice you not to break down your studies easily. If you give up you won’t learn a lot. Don’t be afraid of going wrong , nobody is perfect. If you have a list of words or sentences for study you can cross out those you are understanding. Any how it’s up to you to learn. You got to get along well with your mates. You have to be in time for your practices. Don’t say it’s too hot or it’s too cold for not doing what you should do. Keep in mind the importance of getting the knowledges in grammar competences. If there are words you don´t know you better look for them in a good dictionary. You can make up many things if you have the decision for it. Make up your mind but don’t offend any one. Remember that your rights end where those of your neighbor begins. On purpose , you should practice more hours at home by yourself, take part in the role of playing dramas with your classmates and friends. You should take up with every one, that is a good rule of politeness. P oint out the significance of knowing a second language. Don’t put out the flame of you interest, put on the suit of hard work. What things do you do in a common day? You wake up at five in the morning, then yo get up and go to take a shower. You brush your teeth , and then you get dressed. Go down the stairs to the dining room and have breakfast in a hurry because you´ re late and have to get on a bus to go to your work. Near your office you get off the bus and walk in a hurry to your office. There you sit down at your desk and jot down the objectives of the day. You call up your secretay and ask her to digit some letters and have them sent by mail as soon as possible. You are working hard the entire morning and by midday you are to come back home for eating and resting. You get home and take off your clothes, watch news on T.V. and go to the dining room for having lunch. Before two in the afternoon you go back to your work to finish the journey. At the office you pick up the correspondence and read it all. Put apart the important ones and throw away the others. By five in the afternoon you have a break and go to the self-service restaurant for having some tea or cold drink. Buy the
25 VOCABULARIES 3 58 OK
25A. GENERAL VOCABULARY BRUSH UP (1a) CARDINAL NUMBERS : one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty; twenty one, twenty two, twenty three, twenty four, twenty five, twenty six, twenty seven, twenty eight, twenty nine, thirty: Ten, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety, [one] hundred; [one] thousand; [one] hundred thousand; [one] million ORDINAL NUMBERS : first, second, third , four th , fif th , six th , seven th , eigh th , nin th , ten th , eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twentieth; twenty first , twenty second , twenty third , twenty fourth, twenty fifth, twenty sixth, twenty seventh, twenty eighth, twenty ninth, thirtieth; Tenth, twentieth, thirties, fortieth, fiftieth, sixtieth, seventieth, eightieth, ninetieth, [one] hundredth; [one] thousandth, [one] millionth, TIME : Clock, hour hand, minute hand, face, watch, o’clock, 9 to 10 , nine five, five past nine; Morning, afternoon, midday, midnight, night, quarter, half, noon, [3:45] what time is it? (It’s three forty five) (It’s a quarter to four) Now, yesterday, tomorrow, next week, last month, next year, last weekend, on Sunday, in the winter, in December, the day before yesterday, the day after tomorrow; Frequency: ever, never, always, seldom, rarely, usually; Weather: (Freezing, cold, temperate, hot); winter, autumn, spring, summer PLACES : at home, in the office, at the restaurant, at the hotel, in the hospital, in the garage, at the university, at the drugstore, in the supermarket, at the mall, in the church, at the cinema, at the theater, in the parking place, at the bus station, at the airport, at the bus terminal, downtown, in the swimming pool, in the river, in the library, in the room, in the classroom, in the school coliseum, in the kitchen, in the living room, in the bathroom, in the bedroom, in the yard, in the patio, in the kitchen, on the street, in the avenue, in the park. CALENDAR : Days : Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday Months ; January, February, March, June, July, August, September, October, November, December; Holidays : 1 st^ of May (Labor day), 25th^ of December (Christmas day), 1st^ of November (All saints day), 20th^ of July (Independence day), 12th^ of October (Discovery of America), 7th^ of August (Boyaca’s battle), 6 th^ of January (Kings day), April (Holly week) SHAPES : Cube, square, triangle, rectangle, circle, oval, ellipse, cylinder sphere, Long, depth, height, side, width, length, diagonal, circumference, diameter, radius, parallel, spiral, perpendicular, hypotenuse, MONEY : Dollar, dime, quarter, cent, penny, nickel, traveler’s check, money order, credit card, debit card, teller, bank, bank vault, deposit, cash machine, withdrawal slip; euro, dollar. GEOGRAPHY DESCRIPTIONS : Forest, lake, meadow, mountain, valley, waterfall, rapids, hill, field, stream, pond, plateau, cliff, canyon, river, dam, desert, dune, jungle, seashore, bay, ocean, island, road, street, avenue, diagonal, gulf, map, globe, atlas, state, city, town, village, peak, snow crested, oasis, sea, ocean, POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY : America, south America, Europe, north America, Asia, Africa, England, United States, Germany, Italy, France, Spain, Cuba, Mexico, Canada, Japan, China, India,
WORKERS, ARTISTS, AND PROFESSIONALS: Actor, actress, artist, model, painter, cartoonist, pianist, singer, Architect, computer programmer, lawyer, accountant, pilot, teacher, translator, Pharmacist, veterinarian, scientist, doctor, pediatrician, nurse, dentist, journalist, Assembler, baker, barber, bookkeeper, bricklayer, bus driver, butcher, carpenter, cashier, chef, cook, construction worker, messenger, custodian, data processor, delivery person, electrician, farmer, firefighter, fireman, fisherman, foreman, gardener, mechanic, newscaster, photographer, plumber, police officer, real estate agent, receptionist, repairman, salesman, seamstress, secretary, security guard, clerk, tailor, taxi driver, travel agent, waiter, welder, car dealer, typist, hunter, window washer, sanitation worker, truck driver, welder, florist, secretary, teller, hairdresser, barber, tailor, customer, shopper, cashier, cash register EMOTIONAL AND PHYSICAL STATES : Tired, sleepy, exhausted, active, hot, cold, hungry, thirsty, full, sick, ill, happy, sad, unhappy, pleased, displeased, disappointed, upset, annoyed, frustrated, angry, mad furious, disgusted, surprised, shocked, nervous, worried, scared, afraid, bored, proud, embarrassed, ashamed, jealous, confused, miserable, determined, shy, suspicious, introverted, extroverted, RELATIVES (family): Great grand father (mother), grand father(mother), father, mother, brother, grand (children/son/daughter/), sister, uncle, aunt, son, daughter, cousin, nephew, husband, wife, father/mother/son/daughter-in-law THE BODY : Face, hair, eye, ear, nose, mouth, lip, chin, chest, stomach, arm, forearm, writs, hand, finger, thumb, nail, leg, thigh, knee, shin, foot, toe, head, neck, back, shoulder, upper arm, elbow, waist, hip, buttocks, palm calf, ankle, heel, forehead, temple, eyebrow eyelid, eyelash, pupil cheek,. Mustache, tooth, beard, tongue, brain, artery, vein, throat, lung, heart, liver, gall bladder, small intestine, tissue, bone SUPERMARKET : Check-out area, , checkbook, groceries, packer, bag, sack, frozen (vegetables-dinner, juice- meat-chicken), yogurt, cheese, eggs, margarine, butter, milk, canned goods, bacon, roast, pork chops, chicken, roaster, ground meat, steak, lamb chops, fish, shrimp, bread, cereal cookies, crackers, macaroni, rice, peas; Steak, baked potatoes, roast beef, stuffed tomatoes, pork chops, spaghettis, meatballs, roast chicken, baked beans, hero sandwich, roast beef sandwich, pizza, fried squid, fried chicken, potato chips, tortilla chips, pretzels, popcorn, peanuts, candy bar, chewing gum donut, milk shake, hamburger, hot dog, French fries, onion rings, mustard, ketchup relish, pickles; (Tomato-orange-papaya-custard apple-strawberries-pineapple- cucumber-watermelon)juice; Apple, pear, grapes, kiwis, mango, coconuts, avocado, banana, nectarines, plums, cherries, apricots, lemons, limes, grapefruits, oranges, pineapples, papayas, peaches, strawberries, raspberries, watermelon, custard apple, pineapple, peaches, apple pie, chocolate cake, ice cream, jelly; Lettuce, green onions, radish, watercress, tomatoes, cucumbers, celery, (yellow-green-red) pepper, potatoes, (red-pearl) onions, cauliflower, spinach, garlic, (green-string) beans, eggplants, asparagus, broccoli, ginger, cabbage; Coffee, Chocolate, tea, milk, juice, soft drink, soda, lemonade, beer, whisky, syrup, water
VERBS: abort, accept, act, add, admit, advance, agree, allow, am, answer, appear, are, arrive, ask, attempt, be, became, become, been, began, begin, being, believe, belong, bless, blow, born, break, breath, bring, broken, brought, build, built, burn, buy, call, came, can, can’t, carry, catch, caught, choose, come, complete, consider, contain, continue, cost, could, cut, dance, dare, decide, declare, destroy, did, die, discover, divide, do , does, done, dry, eat, enjoy, enter, escape, expect, explain, express, fail, feed, feel, fell, fill, find, finish, fix, follow, forget, found, free, gain, gather, gave, get, give, given, go, gone, got, govern, grew, ground, grow, guard, guess, had, hang, happen, has, have, hear, heard, held, hold, hunt, hurry, hurt, include, is, jump, keep, kept, kill, knew, know, known, laugh, lay, lead, learn, lease, leave, led, let, listen, live, look, lose, lost, made, make, marry, may, mean, meet, met, might, move, pick, prepare, prove, pull, put, raise, ran, reach, read, realize, receive, remain, remember, reply, require, roll, run, rush, sat, save, saw, say, see, seek, seem, seen, sell, send, sent, separate, serve, set, settle, shake, shall, share, shine, should, sing, sit, sleep, sold, speak, spend, spoke, spread, start, stick, stood, stop, suffer, suppose, take, taken, teach, tear, tell, thank, think, threw, throw, told, took, try, understand, vary, wait, walk, want, was, wash, watch, wear, went, were, will, won’t, wonder, would, write, pay, close, please, control, count, cover, cross, crowd, cry, drink, drive, drop, felt, fire, firm, fit, form, guide, help, hit, increase, lift, love, must, offer, open, ought, paint, play, produce, promise, report, rest, return, rise, sail, smile, smoke, snow, stand, stay, study, thought, touch, turn, use, wish, work FUNCTION WORDS: a, about, above, according to, across, after, again, against, ago, all, along, although, among, an, and, another, any, around, as, at, back, because, before, behind, below, beside, between, beyond, both, but, by, down, during, each, either, else, enough, even,. Ever, every, few, from, further, he, her, here, him, his, how, however, I, if, in, indeed, instead, into, it, its, just, last, late, least, less, many, e, mine, more, most, much, my, near, neither, never, no, none, nor, not, nothing, now, oh, or, other, our, quite, rather, same, several, she, since, so, some, still, such, sudden, than, that, the, their, them, then, there, therefore, these, they, this, those, though, through, till, together, too, toward, until, us, usual, very, we, what, when, where, whether, which, while, who, whole, whom, whose, why, with, within, without, you, your, far, well, yes, yet, hello, except, for, of, off, on, out, outside, over, to, under, up, upon, own, PRONOUNS: I, you, he she, it, we, you, they; me, you, him her, it, us, you, them; mine, yours, his hers, Its, ours, yours, theirs; myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves; POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
25B. COMMON EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH [a] English Español Good morning Buen día, buenos días Good afternoon Buenas tardes Good evening Buenas noches (saludar) Good night Buenas noches (al despedirse) Good bye Chau So long! Hasta luego! Hi (Hello)! Hola! How are you? ¿Cómo estás? How are you doing? ¿Cómo te va? I am well (fine), thank you Estoy bien, gracias Where are you from? ¿De dónde es Ud? What do you do? ¿Qué hace Ud? ¿A qué se dedica? Do you speak Spanish? ¿Habla Ud español? What's your name? ¿Cuál es su nombre? ¿Cómo se llama Ud? It doesn't matter No importa Never mind No importa Congratulations! ¡Felicitaciones! May I introduce myself? ¿Puedo presentarme? Thank you. -You are welcome Gracias. -De nada Excuse me, please Disculpe, por favor I am sorry Lo siento Really? ¿En serio? Of course! ¡Por supuesto! Sure Seguro That's too bad ¡Qué lástima! What happened? ¿Qué pasó? What does that mean? ¿Qué significa eso? You are right Ud. tiene razón You are wrong Ud. está equivocado I guess so Creo que sí I don't think so Creo que no I want a one-way (round-trip) ticket to Dallas Quiero un boleto de ida (de ida y vuelta) a Dallas I would like to reserve a flight for Chicago Quisiera reservar un vuelo a Chicago When should I confim the flight? ¿Cuándo debería confirmar el vuelo? Is it a direct flight? ¿Es un vuelo directo? Is there a stopover? ¿Hay una escala? When does the plane leave (arrive)? ¿Cuándo sale (llega) el avión? Do I have to change planes? ¿Tengo que cambiar aviones? How long before the flight must I check in? ¿Cuánto tiempo antes del vuelo debo registrarme? To the airport, please Al aeropuerto, por favor. Which gate must I go to? ¿A qué puerta debo ir? What's my flight number? ¿Cuál es el número de mi vuelo? Is the plane delayed (on time)? ¿Está demorado (en tiempo) el avión? Look at the timetable Mire el horario de vuelos Do you have your boarding pass? ¿Tiene Ud. su pase de abordar? Where is my seat (baggage)? ¿Dónde está mi asiento (equipaje)? Fasten your belts please! Abróchense los cinturones, por favor! The plane is landing (taking off) El avión está aterrizando (despegando) I have nothing to declare No tengo nada que declarar 25B. COMMON EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH [b] Is it necessary to make a reservation? ¿Es necesario hacer una reserva?
