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TEXT 1.
Especially in the last century, most Western countries have experienced significant demographic changes with a continuing increase in the number of older people who face medical and functional challenges, as well as diseases including obesity, cardiovascular hearth diseases (CHD) or type 2 diabetes mellitus are caused by civilization. The World Health Organization has identified these three diseases are the most severe noncommunicable disease (NCD) causing problems today´s Western World. Noncommunicable diseases are mostly diseases of slow progression and normally of long duration.
Most NCDs primarily result from unhealthy lifestyles including the consumption of too much or unhealthy food, too much alcohol and excessive smoking habits, combined with physical inactivity. More specifically inactivity and unhealthy eating habits associated with weight gain, overweight and obesity are the major underlying causes for modern diseases such as CHD or type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Many cross-sectional and intervention studies have focused on the relationship between an unhealthy lifestyle e.g. physical inactivity, unhealthy eating behaviors, smoking and alcohol consumption, and diseases in different study groups, e.g. high risk groups or different age groups. All in all, cross-sectional studies suggest that physical activity may be an important factor for improving the general health and preventing the development of, among others, the above mentioned NCDs. Although these diseases are very prominent in many western countries only few longitudinal studies exist that focus on their development during a person´s lifetime and their association with other habitual factors such as physical activity.
Because NCDs develop over a long period and may have many causes, understanding the progress of these diseases and their association with habitual factors such as physical activity is important for elaborating long- term prevention programs and guidelines. To investigate their development, longitudinal studies, with healthy persons, i.e. persons without obvious diseases at baseline examination and long-term epidemiological view as necessary.
Overall, the results of the reviewed articles provide a general view about the longitudinal relationship between physical activity and the incidence of NCD and health problems. Physical activity seems to be a relevant factor for preventing age-related diseases; however more long-term research is necessary. Retrieved and adapted from Reiner, M, Niermann C, Jekau, D. et al. Long Term- health benefits of physical activity – a systematic review of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health 13, 813 (2013) 1
1. What is the genre that structures the reading passage?
● A research report ● A novel ● A magazine opinion article ● A case study report (^1) https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-13-
- According to paragraph 4 what is the expect result of understanding the progress of NCDs and their association with habitual factors? ● To carry out longitudinal studies with healthy persons. ● To achieve a long-term epidemiological view. ● Awareness about the importance of physical activity ● The creation of long-term prevention programs and guidelines.
- According to given context in paragraph 4 , the closest meaning of the word “ complains ” is: ● Dissatisfaction ● Disproval ● Ailment ● Criticism
- Which of the following ideas could support the writer´s statement: “more long-term research is necessary” ● Few longitudinal studies exist that focus on the NCDs´ development during a person´s lifetime. ● Researches should investigate other beneficial long-term habits such as physical activity. ● The World Health Organization has not identified the most sever noncommunicable diseases.
● Research has to be developed on specific subgroups that do not manifest any associated symptoms.
TEXT 2
Schizophrenia is persistent and disabling psychotic illness that ruins the lives of patients and their families. It affects emotion, behavior, perception and sleep disturbances among others although these symptoms are not specific to schizophrenia
Sleep is the state of temporary decreased awareness of environmental stimuli and characterized by relative unconsciousness of the external world. It is a biological process which is crucial to the maintenance of mental and physical health. Sleep quality is satisfaction with sleep experience and integrating aspects of sleep initiation sleep maintenance, sleep quantity and refreshment upon awakening which is relevant to optimal health and functioning4. People with schizophrenia have been identified to experience sleep disorders at relatively higher rates than general population and sleep problems including difficulty falling asleep and maintaining it are common in these subjects
Short sleep duration (generally less than 7 hours) reported as an important risk factor for different adverse outcomes and can raises rates of mortality. Decreased and non- restorative sleep is common complaints among people with mental illness and affects up to 30-80% of schizophrenic patients. Likewise, repeated disturbance of sleep cycle or
- The word “illness” in paragraph 1 , can be replaced by the following terms, EXCEPT FOR.. ● Pleasure ● Disease ● Healthiness ● Affection
- According to what the writer explains in paragraph 2, why is sleeplessness threatening for our wellbeing? ● For it decreases awareness of environmental stimuli. ● Since sleep is crucial to the maintenance of mental and physical health. ● Because it brings about recurring nightmares. ● Because it is increasing the rates of mortality
- The main idea in paragraph 3 is… ● Short sleep duration is a crucial risk factor for adverse effects and can rise rates of mortality. ● Repetead disturbance of sleep cycle or failure to initiate or maintain sleep can cause physical, mental and emotional fatigue ● Decreased and non-restorative sleep is a common complaint among people with mental illness ● Drecreased and non-restorative sleep is a common complaint that affecting up to 30-80% of schizophrenic patients.
- The following secondary statements support the main idea in paragraph 3 , EXCEPT FOR… ● Poor sleep in schizophrenia can precede psychotic onset in new patients ● Sleep problem can cause high economic burden ● The Us government invests 100 billion dollar annually in insomnia treatment ● Failure to maintain sleep can cause physical, mental and emotional fatigue
- The word “ such ” in paragraph 4 refer to.. ● Types ● Patients ● Sleep ● Suicidal
- The underline statement in paragraph 4, can be paraphrased as: ● Patients with sleep disturbances like thinking about suicide and sometimes attempt it, while who have not such disturbances do not. ● patients without sleep disturbances like thinking about suicide and even attempt it, while who have such disturbances do not. ● Patients with sleep disturbances think about suicide, attempt it, and end up committing it, while who have not such disturbances do not. ● Patients with sleep disturbances more probably think about suicide, attempt it, and commit it that those who have not such disturbances.
Muni Rubens, Venkataraghavan Ramamoorthy, Anshul Saxena, Nancy Shehadeh, Sandeep Appunni, “HIV Vaccine: Recent advances, Current Roadblocks, and Future Directions”, Journal of Immunology Research, vol 2015, Article ID 560347, 9 pages, 2015. 3
- One of the following assertions is opposite to the statement in paragraph 1 : “HIV/AIDS is leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide”: ● HIV/AIDS does not lead to mortality and morbidity worldwide ● HIV/AIDS brings about mortality and morbidity worldwide ● Mortality and morbidity worldwide is induced by HIV/AIDS ● HIV/AIDS results in mortality and morbidity worldwide
- According to paragraph 1 it could be inferred that… ● Research for HIV/AIDS vaccine development is relatively new ● There have not been research on a vaccine for curing HIV/AIDS ● Research on vaccine for curing HIV/AIDS started after 1990 ● Once HIV/AIDS was identified, research on vaccine development started.
- In paragraph 2, Margaret Heckler, announced that… ● Vaccines will be ready for preliminary testing in 1986 by the latest ● Vaccines will not be ready for preliminary testing in 1986 (^3) https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jir/2015/560347/
● Vaccines would be tested and researched quite before 1986 ● Preliminary vaccines testing will be ready after 1986
- Based on paragraph 2, why Margaret´s announcement criticized by many eminent researchers? ● Because it was not grounded on rational knowledge about the virus functions ● Since she was not an expert on the topic as the eminent researchers ● Because her announcement was considered very optimistic ● She did not consider the risk, of integrating proviral DNA within host chromosomes
- What is the author´s main purpose in paragraph 2? ● To explain the causes and effects associated to the disease ● To report the sequential advancement of vaccines against the disease ● To compare and contrast vaccine research advances ● To list some difficulties hindering the vaccine development
- The statement in paragraph 3: “However, all these efforts came to a standstill”, suggest that… ● Research efforts came to cessation ● Efforts focused on a new vaccine ● Efforts were finally rewarding
