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— a — CHAPTER 10: TAKE-OFF AND LANDING Tn this chapter the equations for calculating the take—off and landing distances of airplan developed. Theo corresponding civil and military airworthiness rules are discussed. Applic to various airplane types are given. The take-otf process and its relation to airworthiness standards is discussed in Section 10. equations of motion during the take—off process are developed in Section 10.2, Various ty solutions to these equations which can be used in the prediction of take—off distances are pre: in Section 10,3, The landing process and its relation to airworthiness standards is discussed in Section 10.4 equations of motion during the landing process are developed in Section 10.3. Various types o tions to these equations (which can be used in the prediction of landing distances) are presen Section 10.6. Examiples ví how take—off and landing distance in fornration is presented in airplane flight als are also given. 10,1 THE TAKEOFF PROCESS The takeoff process is normally divided into three phases: * ground roll * air distance * climb-out Figure 10.1 shows a schematic which depicts these phases in relation to the overall takeoj and to several important speeds. There is no scale implied in this figure: the relative magn of the distances covered in the take—off ground roll, the rotation and the transition vary fro. airplane to another airplane. In Figure 10.1 the airplanc 15 assumed to accelerate until the rotation speed, Vr , has reached. At the rotation speed the airplane is rotated to some pitch attitude angle 50 that the ai will Lift off at the lift-off speed, V_yp >