Download Psychopharmacology Midterm Study Guide: Antidepressants, Antipsychotics, and Side Effects and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
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Serotonin regulates - correct answers ✅Mood, emotion, feeding, and reproductive behavior This class of antidepressants binds to presynaptic SERT and inhibits them from reuptake of serotonin to increase levels in the synaptic cleft to bind with postsysnaptic 5HT2 receptors - correct answers ✅SSRIs First line therapy for MDD due to milder side effect profiles - correct answers ✅SSRIs Six Common SSRIs - correct answers ✅citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, paroxetine Onset of therapeutic benefit from SSRIs - correct answers ✅4-6 weeks In addition to MDD, SSRIs also treat - correct answers ✅Chronic Anxiety, PTSD, OCD, and eating disorders (bulimia)
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Five Common side effects of SSRIs include - correct answers ✅Anxiety, insomnia, GI distress, sexual dysfunction (ED), SIADH Severe side effect of SSRIs in children/adolescents under age 25 years old - correct answers ✅suicidal ideation Life threatening adverse effect of SSRIs, especially when used in combination with other serotonergic drugs (SNRIs, TCAs, MAOIs, etc.) - correct answers ✅Serotonin Syndrome Excess accumulation of serotonin resulting in overstimulation of the nervous system - correct answers ✅Serotonin Syndrome Seven symptoms of Serotonin Syndrome - correct answers ✅Flushing, hyperthermia, agitation, muscle rigidity, seizure, coma, HYPERreflexia
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Three SSRIs that are inhibitors of Cytochrome P enzymes - correct answers ✅fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, and paroxetine Five common SNRIs include - correct answers ✅duloxetine, venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, milnacipran, levomilnacipran This antidepressant class of medications works by binding to presynaptic SERT and NET to inhibit them from reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine to increase their levels in the synaptic cleft - correct answers ✅SNRIs In addition to MDD SNRIs treat - correct answers ✅Anxiety and neuropathic pain (peripheral neuropathy) Medication specific indications of duloxetine: - correct answers ✅urinary incontinence and Fibromyalgia
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Medication specific indications of venlafaxine: - correct answers ✅social anxiety, panic disorders, PTSD, OCD, postmenopausal hot flashes Six common side effects of SNRIs include: - correct answers ✅Insomnia, nausea, sexual dysfunction, hypertension, sweating, headaches Severe side effect of SNRIs in children/adolescents under age 25 years old: - correct answers ✅suicidal ideation Life threatening adverse effect of SNRIs, especially when used in combination with other serotonergic drugs: - correct answers ✅Serotonin Syndrome This SNRI is an inhibitor of Cytochrome P enzymes: - correct answers ✅venlafaxine This SNRI is hepatotoxic: - correct answers ✅duloxetine
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Non-selective MAOIs inhibit enzymes: - correct answers ✅MAO-A and MAO-B Selective MAOIs only inhibit the enzyme: - correct answers ✅MAO-B Three non-selective MAOIs: - correct answers ✅isocarboxazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine Non-selective MAOIs increase the levels of these neurotransmitters: - correct answers ✅Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Dopamine These three non-selective MAOIs bind irreversibly to MAO enzymes to permanently block their function: - correct answers ✅isocarboxazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine Two selective MAOIs: - correct answers ✅selegeline, rasagiline
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Selective MAOIs increase the level of this neurotransmitter: - correct answers ✅Dopamine These selective MAOIs are more commonly prescribed to treat Parkinson's Disease (a neurodegenerative disorder that effects the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain): - correct answers ✅selegeline, rasagiline Adverse effects of MAOIs include: - correct answers ✅Serotonin syndrome and hypertensive crisis Before starting another antidepressant MAOIs should be stopped for at least: - correct answers ✅Two weeks (to allow for the body to replace MAO enzymes so that serotonin syndrome does not occur)
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Due to its action as an adrenergic antagonist this drug is the treatment of hypertensive crisis: - correct answers ✅Phentolamine TCAs are subdivided into these two groups: - correct answers ✅Tertiary TCAs and Secondary TCAs Three Tertiary TCAs: - correct answers ✅amitriptyline, imipramine, clomipramine Two Secondary TCAs: - correct answers ✅desipramine, nortriptyline Tertiary TCAs are non-selective and act on: - correct answers ✅Serotonin and Norephinephrine transporters (increase 5HT and NE) Secondary TCAs are selective and act only on: - correct answers ✅Norepinephrine transporters (increase NE)
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Therapeutic benefits from TCAs typically take approximately: - correct answers ✅2-4 weeks In addition to treatment of depression, other indications for TCAs include: - correct answers ✅Phobic disorders, chronic neuropathic pain, migraine prophylaxis Medication specific indication for clomipramine: - correct answers ✅OCD Medication specific indication for imipramine: - correct answers ✅Nocturnal enuresis In addition to SERTs and NETs, TCAs block (causes side effects): - correct answers ✅Histamine (H1) receptors, Muscarinic receptors, and Alpha 1 receptors TCAs inhibitory effects on Histamine (H1) receptors results in this side effect: - correct answers ✅sedation
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Treatment of cardiotoxicity from TCAs: - correct answers ✅Sodium Bicarbonate The three most common causes of death from TCAs (The 3C's): - correct answers ✅Convulsion, Coma, and Cardiotoxicity This class of antidepressants inhibits Cytochrome P450 Enzymes: - correct answers ✅TCAs Combining these substances with Cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibitors can result in severe respiratory depression and death due to toxic levels: - correct answers ✅Ethanol and sedative hypnotics (benzos) These two neuron types have abundant Alpha 2 receptors: - correct answers ✅Noradrenergic and Serotonergic
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When stimulated Alpha 2 receptors inhibit the activity of the presynaptic neuron and decrease the release of these two neurotransmitters: - correct answers ✅Norepinephrine and Serotonin Six common Atypical Antidepressants used for individuals that did not respond to other antidepressants: - correct answers ✅mirtazapine, trazadone, nefazodone, vilazodone, vortioxetine, bupropion This antidepressant effects Alpha 2 receptors, 5- HT2A receptors, 5-HT3A receptors, and Histamine H1 receptors: - correct answers ✅mirtazapine The primary antidepressant action of this drug comes from inhibition of the Alpha 2 receptors, which reduces the inhibition of the synaptic neuron, and thus increases Norepinephrine and Serotonin release - correct answers ✅mirtazapine As a Serotonin Antagonist, this Atypical Antidepressant blocks 5-HT2A and 5-HT3A
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depression: - correct answers ✅trazodone and nefazodone In addition to inhibition of 5-HT2A receptors, these two Atypical Antidepressants increase levels of Serotonin in the synaptic cleft through weak inhibition of Serotonin reuptake transporters: - correct answers ✅trazodone and nefazodone These two Atypical Antidepressants are strong H receptor inhibitors, and therefore commonly used to treat insomnia: - correct answers ✅trazodone and nefazodone These two Atypical Antidepressants may cause orthostatic hypotension and priapism through Alpha-1 receptor inhibition: - correct answers ✅trazodone and nefazodone In rare cases, this Atypical Antidepressant is known to cause severe liver damage: - correct answers ✅nefazodone
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Similar to SSRIs, these two Atypical Antidepressants are strong inhibitors of Serotonin reuptake transporters on the presynaptic neuron: - correct answers ✅vilazodone and vortioxetine These two Atypical Antidepressants bind to and stimulate 5-HT1A receptors: - correct answers ✅vilazodone (partial agonist) and vortioxetine (full agonist) Vilazodone or Vortioxetine, which of these Atypical Antidepressants is a partial agonist?: - correct answers ✅vilazodone Vilazodone or Vortioxetine, which of these Atypical Antidepressants is a full agonist?: - correct answers ✅vortioxetine Since they enhance the effects of Serotonin through two different mechanisms, these two Atypical Antidepressants can cause serotonin
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In addition to SERT and DAT inhibition this Atypical Antidepressant blocks nicotinic (acetylcholine) receptors: - correct answers ✅bupropion Due to inhibition of nicotinic (acetylcholine) receptors, this Atypical antidepressant is useful in smoking cessation: - correct answers ✅bupropion This Atypical Antidepressant has the least sexual side effects of all the antidepressants: - correct answers ✅bupropion Due to its noradrenergic (excitatory) effects, this Atypical Antidepressant may cause tachycardia, insomnia, and a lower seizure threshold: - correct answers ✅bupropion These two neuron types have abundant Alpha 2 receptors: - correct answers ✅Noradrenergic and Serotonergic
Study Guide Exam Question And Answers
When stimulated Alpha 2 receptors inhibit the activity of the presynaptic neuron and decrease the release of these two neurotransmitters: - correct answers ✅Norepinephrine and Serotonin In addition to SERT and DAT inhibition this Atypical Antidepressant blocks nicotinic (acetylcholine) receptors: - correct answers ✅bupropion Due to inhibition of nicotinic (acetylcholine) receptors, this Atypical antidepressant is useful in smoking cessation: - correct answers ✅bupropion This Atypical Antidepressant has the least sexual side effects of all the antidepressants: - correct answers ✅bupropion Due to it's noradrenergic (excitatory) effects, this Atypical Antidepressant may cause tachycardia, insomnia, and a lower seizure threshold: - correct answers ✅bupropion
