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Penicillins Pharmacokinetics
Oral- absorption takes place in stomach & small intestine Injectable- absorbed rapidly & distributed rapidly though most tissues Kidneys primary for excretion; liver does metabolize some penicillins Need to know withdrawal times especially in cows TERM 2
Penicillins Pharmacodynamics
DEFINITION 2
- Bind reversibly with enzymes outside bacterial cytoplasmic membrane; which are involved with cell wall synthesis & cell division. Binding increases internal osmotic pressure & ruptures the cell - Some bacteria produce beta-lactamase that increases its resistance to penicillin; & some penicillins are resistant to beta- lactamase - Usually effective against gram-positive bacteria , some may be more effective against gram-negative bacteria TERM 3
Penicillins
DEFINITION 3 Clinical Use: tx infections from penicillin susceptible bacteriaDosage Forms:- Amoxicillin : withdrawal cattle only- meat 25d, milk 96hr- Ampicillin: withdrawal (at 6mg/kg) - meat 6d, milk 48hr- Penicillin G: withdrawal- cattle- meat 4d, milk 48hr, calves 7d, sheep 8d, swine 6d, off label 21d TERM 4
Amoxicillin + Clavulanate Potassium
DEFINITION 4 Known as Augmentin in human meds. and Clavamox in veterinary meds. used for skin, urinary tract, respiratory & wound infections TERM 5
Cephalosporins
DEFINITION 5 Most are given parenterally not well absorbed by GIUse: cystitis, skin & soft tissue infections, bovine mastitis, shipping fever, & respiratory infections in cattle, horses, sheep, & swine
Cephalosporins Dosage forms First
Generation
Cefazolin (Ancef)Cephalexin (Keflex) TERM 7
Cephalosporins Dosage Forms Third
Generation
DEFINITION 7
- Ceftiofun ( naxcel) - approved day old chicks withdrawal time injectiable 4 days for milk and 0 days for meat- Cefpodoxime ( Simplicef) - Oral once a day TERM 8
Cephalosporins Dosage froms Fourth
Generation
DEFINITION 8
- Cefovecin ( Convenia) popular injectiable in cats TERM 9
Tetracyclines
DEFINITION 9 Pharmacokinetics Administered orally or parenterally Pharmacodynamics Inhibit protein synthesis, thus impeding cell division Broad-spectrum against gram-positive & gram-negative bacteria Bacteriostatic (high doses may become bactericidal) Clinical use: respiratory infection, bacterial enteritis, & urinary tract infections, also treat rickettsial TERM 10
Tetracylines Dosage
Forms
DEFINITION 10
- Doxycycline ( Vibramycin)- Oxytetracycline ( Biomycin, Oxy- Tet, Tetracycline, Biomycin 200)- Tetracycline ( Panmycin)Adverse Effects: renal problems, can affect formation bones and teeth in young, never in horses IV, drug fever in cats, & hepatotoicity
Chloramphenical Dosage forms
Chloramphenicol 1% ophthalmic TERM 17
Florfenicol
DEFINITION 17 Injectable broad-spectrumClinical Use: Bovine respiratory dzAdverse effects: Transient inappetence, decreased water consumption, & diarrhea TERM 18
Macrolides
DEFINITION 18 Clinical Use: upper respiratory tract, mastitis, metiritis, & foot rotDosage forms: Erythro, Tylan TERM 19
Lincosamides
DEFINITION 19 Clinical use: upper respiratory & skin infections of dogs, cats, swine, & mastitis in cattleDosage forms: Clindamycin ( Antirode)- Deep pyoderma, abscesses, dental infections& osteomyetitis TERM 20
Vancomycin
DEFINITION 20 Effective against gram-positive cocciClinical Use: treat resistant stap & strep infections
Spectinomycin
Primarily efective against gram-negativee bacteria, some mycoplasmas, & some gram-positiveClinical Use: air sacculitis & chronic respiratory dz turkeys, baby pigs to control & treat infectious diarrhea, cattle-bovine reparatory dx TERM 22
Polymyxin B &
Bacitracin
DEFINITION 22 Topical & ophthalmic applicationsClinical use: superficial bacterial infections of eye, conjunctiva & skinAdverse effects: nephrotoxicity & neurotoxicity if given parenterally TERM 23
Sulfonamides
DEFINITION 23 Broad- spectrumClinical Use: acute urinary tract infections, respiratory, wound, coccidosis, & foot rotAdverse Effects: Urticaria (hives), vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, fever & crystal formation in kidneys- hematuria, proteinuria, & renal tubular damage TERM 24
Nirrofurans
DEFINITION 24 borad- spectrumClinical Use: wounds, necrotic enteritis in swine, coccidiosis in chickens, bacterial enteritis in pigsAdverse Effects: Uncommon TERM 25
Rifampin
DEFINITION 25 Usually used in combo with other antibiotics to avoid resistanceClinical Use: young horses with Rhodococcus equiAdverse Effects: red-orange colored urine
Formaldehyde
Noncorrosive and effective against bacteria, fungi, spores, and virusesClinical use: gas-disenfectant large areas ( cabinet or incubator) or delicate instruments TERM 32
Chlorine &
Iodines
DEFINITION 32 Bactericidal, exhibit high levels of activity against viruses, fungicidal & tuberculocidal, ( iodine are effective against bacterial spores) TERM 33
Chlorine & Iodines dosage
forms
DEFINITION 33 Iodine tincture (7%)Betadine surgical scrubProvidone solution TERM 34
Disinfectants/Antiseptics Phenolics
DEFINITION 34 Effective against bacteria, fungi, & some viruses, but not sporadical & only weakly effective against nonenveloped virusesDosage froms: Lysol I.C. Disinfectant Spray TERM 35
Quternary Ammoniym Compounds
DEFINITION 35 Dosage form:Roccal-D PlusClinical use: cleaning instruments, utensils, inanimate objects & rubber goods
