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Universal Health Coverage: Ensuring Access to Quality and Affordable Healthcare, Exams of Nursing

Welder Training and Testing InstituteNursing

A comprehensive overview of universal health coverage (UHC), which aims to ensure access to essential health services without financial hardship. It covers the fundamental concerns, services, and dimensions of UHC, the push for its implementation, and examples of successful countries. The document also explores key considerations for transitioning to UHC, criteria for evaluating its effectiveness, financing methods, the government's role, and decisions on coverage and services. Additionally, it discusses results-based financing, pharmaceutical access, and the importance of essential surgeries as a cost-effective global health investment. This document serves as a valuable resource for understanding the complexities and challenges involved in achieving UHC.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 10/24/2024

JOEMECLINE
JOEMECLINE 🇺🇸

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UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE
REVISION FLASHCARD
What does Universal health coverage mean? 3 - answer-means that all people
receive the health services THEY NEED W/O SUFFERING FINANCIAL
HARDSHIP when paying for them
What are the three fundamental concerns that UHC addresses? - answer-1) fairness
of access to services, regardless of people's ability to pay for them
2) services are quality
3) financial arrangements protect people from suffering financial hardship
What services fall under universal health coverage? - answer-ESSENTIAL &
QUALITY SERVICES:
- health promotion
- treatment
- prevention
- rehab care
- palliative care
What are the three dimensions of UHC? - answer-- Who is covered
- what services are covered
- what costs to the patient
What is the major push for UHC? - answer-- weak health systems in LMIC create
obstacle for populations to reach essential and quality services
- the need for improvements in national health equity
What are two examples of high income countries that have UHC? - answer-
Germany and England
How many people lack access to essential health services? - answer-400 million
people
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UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE

REVISION FLASHCARD

What does Universal health coverage mean? 3 - answer-means that all people receive the health services THEY NEED W/O SUFFERING FINANCIAL HARDSHIP when paying for them What are the three fundamental concerns that UHC addresses? - answer-1) fairness of access to services, regardless of people's ability to pay for them

  1. services are quality
  2. financial arrangements protect people from suffering financial hardship What services fall under universal health coverage? - answer-ESSENTIAL & QUALITY SERVICES:
  • health promotion
  • treatment
  • prevention
  • rehab care
  • palliative care What are the three dimensions of UHC? - answer-- Who is covered
  • what services are covered
  • what costs to the patient What is the major push for UHC? - answer-- weak health systems in LMIC create obstacle for populations to reach essential and quality services
  • the need for improvements in national health equity What are two examples of high income countries that have UHC? - answer- Germany and England How many people lack access to essential health services? - answer-400 million people

How many people in developing countries are put at risk because of health care spending? - answer-6% of people are pushed further into poverty due to health care expenses Which SDG focuses on UHC? - answer-Goal 3: "achieve UHC, financial risk protection, access to quality/essential health care, access to safe, effective, quality, and affordable medicines and vaccines" What are 4 tracer indicator to monitor the coverage of essential services? - answer-

  1. reproductive, maternal, newborn, child health
  2. infectious diseases
  3. NCDs
  4. service capacity and access What are 4 considerations for transitioning to UHC? - answer-1) resources available to current and future finance system: taxes, payroll taxes, insurance premiums
  5. existing health system infrastructure: insurance schemes, providers, payment mechanisms, coverage gaps
  6. national burden of disease
  7. political support: how much support does government have? Oppositions? What criteria should be used to evaluate UHC in a country? - answer-1) What % of population is covered and has insurance or access to essential/quality services
  8. Are there risk protection against health care costs? What percent of the population experiences severe health expenditures that furthers their state of poverty?
  9. What is the quality of services (tracer indicators)?
  10. How financially sustainable is the system?
  11. How does quality and access to care differ across SES levels? How do countries typically finance the insurance for UHC? - answer-1) payroll taxes on employers and employees
  12. general taxes
  • they become the purchaser and financer Why do governments contract out services? - answer-- the government feels that the private and NGO sector can better provide services
  • often results in improved access and increased equity in health care What is RBF? - answer-a performance contract for cash payment that specifies what is to be paid for and under what conditions. The government funds a health service providers after predefined results have been met and verified. Payment is conditional on measurable actions being undertaken. In what phase of the process of health services does RBF focus on? - answer-- focuses on outputs and deliveries rather than funding the inputs without knowing its effects What is cash on delivery? - answer-transfers are made from donor aid agencies to governments. What is conditional cash transfers? - answer-transfers are made from governments to their citizens contingent upon individuals meeting the requirements. What are the four elements of RBF? - answer-1) who gets paid the incentive?
  1. what are the actions, outputs, and outcomes for which they get paid?
  2. how are these things measured and verified?
  3. what is the nature of the incentive? What are the downfalls for RBF? - answer-1) corruption trying to maximize benefits
  4. failure to carried out desired behaviors in the absence of incentives What are the important elements of pharmaceuticals? - answer-1) acquisition of quality drugs
  5. affordability of drugs
  6. transport of drugs and safe storage
  7. provision over correct prescriptions, dispensed properly and for correct diagnosis

What is the percent of all medicines on global market that are fake? - answer-10- 15%, 50% fake on internet pharmacies How do pharmaceutical companies tailor their drugs to LMIC? - answer-often sell the drugs at a reduced price and sometimes make large donations What is the supply chain for medicines? - answer-1) manufacturers

  1. procurement agencies ( ministries of health, UNICEF, govt procurement offices)
  2. distributors at national, regional, district levels
  3. warehouses to safely store medicines
  4. service providers who order and dispense What percent of all drugs are dispensed incorrectly? - answer-almost half What are some ways to focus on the rational use of medicne? - answer-1) regulatory bodies
  5. national lists for essential medicines
  6. monitoring of medicine distribution
  7. improve medical training
  8. education for users and providers What are essential surgeries? - answer-disorders are treated by surgery that is cost effective and feasible to promote
  • one of the most cost effective global health investments what does essential surgery entail? - answer-1) preop care
  1. assessment
  2. anesthesia
  3. post op care What percent of deaths can be averted by essential surgery? - answer-6.5%