Download Endocrine System: Hormones, Glands, and Regulation and more Quizzes Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!
organs associated with endocrine system?
Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroids, Adrenal glands, Pancreas, Gonads, Thymus, Pineal gland, Heart, Liver, Adipose, and Kidneys TERM 2
MUST know
DEFINITION 2 hormone anatomical location (where its at). hormones released. method of release, targets and effects. know all names of hormone.see page 211 TERM 3
prehormone
DEFINITION 3 molecule secreted by endocrine gland that is inactive until modified by the target cell. ex:Thyroxine TERM 4
prohormone
DEFINITION 4 precursors to polypeptide hormones ex:Insulin TERM 5
memorize table
DEFINITION 5 page 212
lipophilic hormones (the
are non-polar, can pass through the cell membraneexamples Steroid (Adrenal cortex: corticosteroids Gonads: androgens, estrogens, progesterone) Thyroid (Thyroxine, triiodothyronine) TERM 7
hydrophilic hormones (the 4) slide
DEFINITION 7 are polar, cannot freely pass through the cell membrane.1. Amines ex: Adrenal medulla, thyroid, pineal gland. 2. Polypeptides and proteins ex: Polypeptides < 100 amino acids Pituitary, pancreas Proteins > 100 amino acids Pituitary 3.Glycoproteins ex: Carbohydrate groups; pituitary
- Steroids Testes, ovaries, adrenal cortex TERM 8
humoral stimulus
DEFINITION 8 Hormones secreted in direct response to blood concentrationex: capillary blood contains low concentrations of Ca2+ which stimulates parathyroid glands, thyroid gland posterior pituitary and capillary (low Ca2+ in blood) ultimately leads to secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by parathyroid glands. TERM 9
neural stimulus
DEFINITION 9 Nerve fibers release hormones (e.g., sympathetic ANS)ex: preganglionic sympathetic fibers stimulate adrenal medulla in: CNS spinal cord, preganglionic sympathetic fibers, medulla of adrenal gland to capillary and ultimately to secrete catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) TERM 10
hormonal stimulus
DEFINITION 10 Hormones secreted in response to other circulating hormones.ex: the hypothalamus secretes hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete a hormone that goes to gonads, thyroid and adrenal cortex and stimulates other endocrine glands to secrete hormones.
How is hormone released in the posterior
pituitary?
- Hormone is made in hypothalamus and packaged in cell body of neuron2. Vesicles are transported down the cell3. Vesicles containing hormone are stored in posterior pituitary4. Hormones are released into the blood TERM 17
What two nuclei extend into the posterior
pituitary and what are they responsible for?
DEFINITION 17 PVN and SON- Synthesize oxytocin and vasopressin- Stores hormone in the axon terminals TERM 18
What is the function of oxytocin hormone?
DEFINITION 18
- Stimulates uterine contractions to expel fetus during childbirth- Receptors are upregulated when baby is full term- Stimulates lactation TERM 19
How does the smooth muscle modify in
response to oxytocin?
DEFINITION 19 Smooth muscle forms gap junctions that allow it to contract simultaneously (single unit)- Fetus moves and the stretch of the cervix (mechanoreceptors) send action potentials to the brain- Brain stimulates release of oxytocin which activates the neurons to release form posterior pituitary)- Travels to uterus to stimulate contractions and push fetus toward cervix- Positive feedback pathway TERM 20
What is are the functions of vasopressin?
DEFINITION 20
- Enhances retention of water by the kidneys- Release during dehydration to conserve water- Happens through osmoreceptors that relay changes in plasma osmolarity to the hypothalamus2. Triggers contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle- Increase in blood pressure- Secretion regulated by baroreceptors in blood vessels that relay changes in blood volume to hypothalamus
What is the function of T3 and T4 hormones?
cell growth TERM 22
What is the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal
axis?
DEFINITION 22
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates secretion of adreno-corticotropin hormone (ACTH) from the corticotropes in the anterior pituitary- ACTH stimulates secretion of cortisol from adrenal cortex by binding to MC receptors- Cells in adrenal cortex convert cholesterol to cortisol TERM 23
How is prolactin secreted?
DEFINITION 23
- Controlled by dopamine (inhibitory) and prolactin releasing factors (TRH, oxytocin)- Stimulates breast growth and milk secretion TERM 24
Limbic system
DEFINITION 24 The primarystructureswithin the limbic system include theamygdala,hippocampus, thalamus,hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus. TERM 25
releasing and inhibiting hormones in
hypothalmus
DEFINITION 25 Trophic hormones. The neuron synthesizes trophic neurohormones release them into capillaries of the portal system. portal vessels carry the trophic neurohormones directly to the anterior pituitary, where they act on the endocrine cells. endocrine cells release their peptide hormones into the second set of capillaries for distribution to the rest of the body.
ACTH targets? corticotropin
Adrenal cortex it effects are cortisol release TERM 32
LH and FSH targets?
DEFINITION 32 Ovary and testis its effects are egg or sperm production; sex hormones production TERM 33
Hyper-secretion of cortisol will lead to?
DEFINITION 33 Hypersecretion of cortisol will, over the long term, lead to a range of stressrelated diseases and disordersDepression, anxiety, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome (increased risk for cardiac disease and diabetes)see slide 38 TERM 34
addisions disease
DEFINITION 34 is hypo-secretion of corticosteriodSymptoms: Hypoglycemia, hypotension, dehydration Na+ and K+ imbalance Rapid weight loss, generalized weakness Causes: Usually an autoimmune disease TERM 35
cushings syndrome
DEFINITION 35 Hypersecretion of corticosteroids Symptoms: Changes in carbohydrate and protein metabolism Hyperglycemia, hypertension, muscular weakness Puffy appearance: buffalo hump and moon face Causes: Anterior pituitary tumor (oversecretion of ACTH) Tumor of the adrenal cortex
trophic hormone
a hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone, growth and nourishment. trophic hormones often have names that end with tropin or gonadotropin TERM 37
Hormones go through what to get to pituitary
gland
DEFINITION 37 the hypothalamus to the pituitary through a special set of blood vessels called thehypothalamo-hypophyseal portal systemfig 7. TERM 38
what is a portal system?
DEFINITION 38 a specialized region of circulation consisting of two sets of capillaries connected in series by larger blood vessels. the three portal systems are in the brain, kidneys and digestive system TERM 39
why a portal system?
DEFINITION 39 hormones secreted in a portal system have a distinct advantage over hormones secreted through circulation, because with portal system a much smaller amount of hormone can be secreted to elicit a response. TERM 40
Zona glomerulosa
DEFINITION 40 top part of adrenal cortex.Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone; Na+ and K+ balanceknow reflexes and feedback loops used to control them
parathyroid feedback loop
decreasing blod Ca2+ sends message to parathyroid gland which secretes parathyroid hormone and sends it to bone and kidney. it causes the kidney to reabsorb Ca2+ which increases blood Ca2+ and decreases urinary excretion of Ca2+. in the bone it causes dissolution of CaPO4 crystals which increases blood Ca2+. both produce negative feedback TERM 47
thyroid gland
DEFINITION 47 TSH is trophic hormone Insufficiency of T3 and T4 results in goiter TERM 48
thyroid feedback
loop?
DEFINITION 48 Hypothalamus secretes TRH which sends signal to anterior pituitary which secretes TSH and sends signal to thyroid. if iodine adequate goes to negative feedback TERM 49
if iodine inadequate?
DEFINITION 49 if iodine inadequate, low T3 and T4 makes low negative feedback goes to anterior pituitary secretes excess TSH which sends a signal to the thyroid gland which cause hypertrophy and cause a Goiter symptoms: eyes bulge, hair loss etc, enlarged goiter. TERM 50
hypothyrodism
DEFINITION 50 symptoms enlarged goiter, dry corse hair. cause not enough TSH
Gonadotropes target in females? FSH
target is follicular cells (female), Estrogen release, spermatogenesis Primary and secondary sexual characteristics; menstrual cycle TERM 52
Gonadotropes target in males?
FSH
DEFINITION 52 target is f sustentacular cells (male) Estrogen release, spermatogenesis Primary and secondary sexual characteristics TERM 53
Gonadotropes target in males?
LH
DEFINITION 53 Leydig (interstitial) cells (male) Androgen release Primary and secondary sexual characteristics TERM 54
Gonadotropes target in females? LH
DEFINITION 54 target is follicular cells (female), Androgen release Primary and secondary sexual characteristics; menstrual cycle TERM 55
in females FSH
stimulates?
DEFINITION 55 Follicular phase of uterine lining and development of follicle; feedback to adenohypophysis
what is disease is have to little GH?
(somatotropin)
pituitary dwarfism TERM 62
how does placenta act as endocrine gland?
DEFINITION 62 it creates its own hormones and secretes them directly into the blood during pregnancy.The placenta is a temporary endocrine organ formed during pregnancy, which produces hormones important in the maintenance of a healthy pregnancy and in preparation for labour and breastfeeding. TERM 63
what hormones does placenta produce?
DEFINITION 63 The placenta produces two steroid hormones - oestrogenandprogesterone. Progesterone acts to maintain pregnancy by supporting the lining of the uterus which provides the environment for the foetus and the placenta to grow.Progesterone prevents the shedding of this lining (similar to that which occurs at the end of a menstrual cycle), which would result in pregnancy loss. Progesterone also suppresses the uterine walls ability to contract, which is important in preventinglabour TERM 64
how are blood plasma calcium levels
controlled?
DEFINITION 64 parathyroid secretes parathyroid hormone. TERM 65
juxtaglomerular apparatus?
DEFINITION 65 are in the kidney and are Afferent arteriolar cells in contact with distal tubule
sodium balance is controlled by?
it is controlled with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and ANH. TERM 67
describe the control?
DEFINITION 67 Renin to angiotensin I to angiotensin II causes stimulation of adrenal cortex: aldosterone Aldosterone causes an increase in the reabsorption of NaCl in DCT and CD Water is retained, blood volume rises, blood pressure increasesvisual on powerpoint slide 63 TERM 68
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and ANH
(heart) high blood Na+??
DEFINITION 68 high blood Na+ causes heart to secrete ANH hormone into blood which targets kidneys and makes them excrete Na+ and water in urine. which brings homeostasis blood pressure back. TERM 69
Low blood Na+?
DEFINITION 69 causes kidneys to secrete renin into blood, renin cause angiotensin I and II to send signal to adrenal cortex which secretes aldosterone into blood. and causes kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and water from kidney tubules. which brings homeostasis blood pressure back. TERM 70
circadian rhythms
DEFINITION 70 In humans, circadian clocks affect many aspects of physiology: sleep-wake time, cardiac function (heartbeat and blood pressure), renal secretion, virtually all aspects of digestion from gastric emptying to detoxication, body temperature, and the levels of many hormones in the blood
