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Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation, Exams of Radiology

University of Colorado - Denver (CU Denver)Radiology

Various concepts and principles related to ultrasound physics and instrumentation. It discusses the properties of sound waves, including wave propagation, attenuation, and impedance. The document also covers topics such as transducer design, beam formation, image resolution, doppler principles, and image processing techniques. The information provided can be useful for students and professionals in the field of medical imaging, particularly those studying or working with ultrasound technology. A wide range of topics, from the basic physics of sound waves to the advanced techniques used in modern ultrasound imaging systems.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 09/30/2024

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ARDMS - SPI EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS.
When the direction of the wave propagation is parallel to the particle motion
of the medium, the wave being transmitted is called a:
A) surface wave.
B) longitudinal wave.
C) transverse wave.
D) non-linear sound. - Correct Answer-B) longitudinal wave
If the sound beam attenuated 6 dB, what will happen to the overall intensity?
A) Quadrupled
B) Doubled
C) Halved
D) Quartered - Correct Answer-D) Quartered
Frequency increased from 3 MHz to 6 MHz, what will happen to wavelength?
A) Doubled
B) Quadrupled
C) Halved
D) Quartered - Correct Answer-C) Halved
Intensity is equal to:
A) power/area
B) propagation speed/frequency
C) density x propagation speed
D) area/power - Correct Answer-A) power/area
5. What is important when selecting a transducer frequency?
A) Depth
B) Power
C) Velocity
D) Propagation speed - Correct Answer-A) Depth
6. Frequency is a factor in:
A) impedance
B) tissue attenuation
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ARDMS - SPI EXAM QUESTIONS WITH

VERIFIED ANSWERS.

When the direction of the wave propagation is parallel to the particle motion of the medium, the wave being transmitted is called a: A) surface wave. B) longitudinal wave. C) transverse wave. D) non-linear sound. - Correct Answer-B) longitudinal wave If the sound beam attenuated 6 dB, what will happen to the overall intensity? A) Quadrupled B) Doubled C) Halved D) Quartered - Correct Answer-D) Quartered Frequency increased from 3 MHz to 6 MHz, what will happen to wavelength? A) Doubled B) Quadrupled C) Halved D) Quartered - Correct Answer-C) Halved Intensity is equal to: A) power/area B) propagation speed/frequency C) density x propagation speed D) area/power - Correct Answer-A) power/area

  1. What is important when selecting a transducer frequency? A) Depth B) Power C) Velocity D) Propagation speed - Correct Answer-A) Depth
  2. Frequency is a factor in: A) impedance B) tissue attenuation

C) propagation speed D) tissue density - Correct Answer-B) tissue attenuation

  1. Which medium interface will have the greatest sound transmission? A) Soft tissue to water B) Organ to organ C) Bone to organ D) Lung to soft tissue - Correct Answer-B) Organ to organ
  2. If there is a small impedance mismatch between two mediums, what will result? A) There will be a small reflection B) There will be a large reflection C) All sound will transmit D) No sound will transmit - Correct Answer-A) There will be a small reflection
  3. Which property of sound is measured in Rayls? A) Intensity B) Impedance C) Density D) Propagation speed - Correct Answer-B) Impedance
  4. If sound energy is reduced by 50%, how many decibels were lost? A) 6 dB B) 3 dB C) 0 dB D) 10 dB - Correct Answer-B) 3 dB
  5. To improve the quality of the motion during an electrocardiogram, which resolution should be improved? A) Transverse resolution B) Lateral resolution C) Axial resolution D) Temporal resolution - Correct Answer-D) Temporal resolution
  6. Ultrasound frequency begins at: A) 2 Hz B) 20 Hz C) 20 Mhz

D) PRP - Correct Answer-A) PRF

  1. What is the goal for better temporal resolution? A) Faster frame rate B) Shorter SPL C) Narrow beam width D) Decrease penetration - Correct Answer-A) Faster frame rate
  2. If the depth is increased, what change will occur to the PRP? A) Decrease B) No change C) Increase D) Halved - Correct Answer-C) Increase
  3. Frequency is reduced from 8MHz to 4MHz, what will be the result to the acoustic velocity? A) Increase B) No change C) Doubled D) Decrease - Correct Answer-B) No change
  4. Which of the following refers to the height of the sound wave? A) Rarefaction B) Amplitude C) Intensity D) Power - Correct Answer-B) Amplitude
  5. Which transducer will have the most penetration? A) 8 MHz linear transducer B) 6 MHz tightly curved array C) 2 MHz curvilinear array D) 4 MHz phased array - Correct Answer-C) 2 MHz curvilinear array
  6. When dot-like reflectors appear as horizontal lines in the far field, what is the cause? A) Poor temporal resolution B) Wide beam width C) Refraction D) Broken crystal - Correct Answer-B) Wide beam width
  1. Which transducer will provide optimal depth resolution? A) 4 MHz phased array B) 2 MHz curvilinear array C) 10 MHz linear array D) 6 MHz endocavity array - Correct Answer-C) 10 MHz linear array
  2. To improve the system frame rate, what action can be taken? A) Increase frequency B) Decrease PRF C) Decrease line density D) Increase sector size - Correct Answer-C) Decrease line density
  3. The resolution used to distinguish between closely spaced objects is known as: A) lateral B) range C) temporal D) axial - Correct Answer-A) lateral
  4. Why does increasing the number of scan lines improve lateral resolution? A) The amount of work will increase and make frame rate faster B) There will be higher line density and narrow beams C) The more scan lines, the deeper the sound will penetrate D) Increasing scan lines will not improve lateral resolution - Correct Answer-B) There will be higher line density and narrow beams
  5. Which statement is not true regarding PRF? A) Increasing PRF improves frame rate B) PRF and duty factor are inversely related C) PRF depends of the depth D) PRF refers to how many pulses are fired in one second - Correct Answer-B) PRF and duty factor are inversely related
  6. Which actions will adjust the spatial resolution? A) Scan lines and transducer frequency B) Sector size and reflection C) Focal points and frame rate D) Frequency and PRF - Correct Answer-A) Scan lines and transducer frequency

A) Mirror B) Mechanical C) Transmit D) Lens - Correct Answer-C) Transmit

  1. The center operating frequency of a transducer is determined by: A) impedance matching layer. B) crystal thickness. C) bandwidth. D) crystal shape. - Correct Answer-B) crystal thickness.
  2. Coupling gel is used to: A) improve axial resolution. B) increase damping. C) increase transmission. D) increase reflection factor. - Correct Answer-C) increase transmission.
  3. The 3D profile of the beam in a linear array is controlled by: A) acoustic lens. B) transmit focus. C) phasing. D) beam former. - Correct Answer-A) acoustic lens.
  4. Which transducer employs electronic beam steering to create a wide field of view? A) Curvilinear B) Mechanical transducer C) Phased array D) Linear sequential - Correct Answer-C) Phased array
  5. Dynamic focusing is used by: A) all array transducers. B) only phased arrays. C) none. D) only curved arrays. - Correct Answer-A) all array transducers.
  6. A poor frame rate thinner element will have:. A) higher curie temperature. B) longer wavelength. C) higher frequency. - Correct Answer-C) higher frequency.
  1. Which statement refers to the process of phasing? A) Electronic beam steering B) Acoustic lens C) Electronic focusing D) Mechanical movement of the probe - Correct Answer-A) Electronic beam steering
  2. Which of the following is used to control elevational resolution in a 2D transducer? A) Bandwidth B) Axial resolution C) Lens D) Beam former - Correct Answer-D) Beam former
  3. The conversion of an incident pressure wave into an electrical signal is called: A) Snell's law. B) piezoelectric effect. C) Huygen's principle. D) Curie effect. - Correct Answer-B) piezoelectric effect.
  4. Electronic focusing in transmit mode uses: A) changeable lens. B) curved element. C) time delays to excite transducer elements. D) high pulse repetition frequency. - Correct Answer-C) time delays to excite transducer elements.
  5. Which transducer would you select for maximum penetration? A) 3 MHz curvilinear B) 4 MHz phased array C) 8 MHz linear phased array D) 10 MHz tightly curved array - Correct Answer-A) 3 MHz curvilinear
  6. The transducer component responsible for the timing and order of the sequence is: A) impedance matching layer. B) beam former. C) elevational resolution.

C) Preprocessing D) Increased pixel size - Correct Answer-C) Preprocessing

  1. Which setting is not operator adjustable? A) Rejection B) Compression C) Enveloping D) Compensation - Correct Answer-C) Enveloping
  2. Which mode uses the pulse echo principle to determine the distance of a reflector? A) Only A-mode B) Continuous wave C) A-mode, B-mode, and M-mode D) Only B-mode - Correct Answer-C) A-mode, B-mode, and M-mode
  3. Round trip time and propagation speed are necessary when making what calculation? A) Axial resolution B) Attenuation rate C) Pulse repetition period D) Distance - Correct Answer-D) Distance
  4. What change to the image will result if the dynamic range is lowered? A) Softer image B) Increase brightness C) Increased contrast D) Decreased contrast - Correct Answer-C) Increased contrast
  5. Which of the following settings will affect temporal resolution? A) Persistence and image compounding B) Output power and TGC C) Compression and overall gain D) Dynamic range and amplification - Correct Answer-A) Persistence and image compounding
  6. PACS stands for: A) Photo Archiving Computer System B) Processed Archiving Communication System C) Picture Archiving and Communication System

D) Picture And Communication Setup - Correct Answer-C) Picture Archiving and Communication System

  1. Which harmonic frequency is used for signal processing during harmonic imaging? A) 3rd B) 4th C) 1st D) 2nd - Correct Answer-D) 2nd
  2. A 12 MHz wave is processed during harmonic imaging, what is the fundamental frequency? A) 6 MHz B) 4 MHz C) 24 MHz D) 12 MHz - Correct Answer-A) 6 MHz
  3. Distortion of the sound wave during transmission is called: A) Non-linear sound propagation B) Pulse inversion C) Propagation speed D) Coded excitation - Correct Answer-A) Non-linear sound propagation
  4. Which of the following is not a result of harmonics imaging? A) Softer imaging B) Better lateral resolution C) Crisper images D) Reduced artifact - Correct Answer-A) Softer imaging
  5. Multiple echoes at regular intervals deep to highly reflective objects is called: A) posterior enhancement B) constructive interference C) reverberation artifact D) edge shadowing artifact - Correct Answer-C) reverberation artifact
  6. Artifacts that display laterally are generally caused by which process? A) Misplaced echoes B) Reflection C) Refraction

B) refraction C) absorption D) specificity - Correct Answer-C) absorption

  1. Which angle will increase the Doppler shift the most? A) 180 B) 45 C) 100 D) 90 - Correct Answer-A) 180
  2. Of the following changes, which will reduce aliasing artifact? A) Increase transducer frequency B) Decrease insonation angle C) Decrease color gain D) Increase pulse repetition frequency - Correct Answer-D) Increase pulse repetition frequency
  3. If flow is moving through a vessel with uniform diameter in an organized manner, what is the nature of the flow? A) Turbulent B) Laminar C) Parabolic D) Plug - Correct Answer-B) Laminar
  4. Which scenario will result in having no Doppler shift? A) Flow moving away from the transducer B) Flow moving towards the transducer C) No movement D) High velocity flow - Correct Answer-C) No movement
  5. The technique used to assign a color to a received Doppler signal is called: A) autocorrelation B) ensemble length C) phase quadrature detection D) Fourier analysis - Correct Answer-A) autocorrelation
  6. Altering which setting during a Doppler exam will affect the system frame rate? A) Doppler gain B) High pass filter

C) PRF

D) Frequency - Correct Answer-C) PRF

  1. Which angle is the maximum for safe wrist extension while scanning? A) 20 degrees B) 10 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 40 degrees - Correct Answer-A) 20 degrees
  2. In the 10 mm test object, which of the following system controls cannot be tested? A) Dead zone B) Calipers C) Dynamic range D) Axial resolution - Correct Answer-C) Dynamic range
  3. Which technology is used to map tissue stiffness? A) Elastography B) Volume rendering C) Volumetric acquisition D) Myocardial motion - Correct Answer-A) Elastography
  4. The tech changes the PRF from 6 kHz to 8 kHz, what will happen to the maximum Doppler shift velocity limit? A) It will decrease B) It will increase C) There will be a negative shift D) There will be a positive shift - Correct Answer-B) It will increase
  5. More diastolic flow is visible in which of the following? A) High pressure vessels B) Low resistance vessels C) High resistance vessels D) Vessels with flow reversal - Correct Answer-B) Low resistance vessels
  6. Which feature of the pulse wave will be seen where there is laminar flow? A) Lower baseline B) Spectral broadening C) Abnormal flow D) Spectral window - Correct Answer-D) Spectral window

C) Decrease transducer frequency D) Increase packet size - Correct Answer-C) Decrease transducer frequency

  1. What could be the echo frequency if flow is moving away from a 6 MHz transducer? A) 5500 kHz B) 5995 kHz C) 6005 kHz D) 6500 kHz - Correct Answer-B) 5995 kHz
  2. Increasing packet size will: A) decrease sensitivity B) remove low frequency echoes C) improves frame rate D) increase the number of pulses on a line - Correct Answer-D) increase the number of pulses on a line
  3. Of the listed system functions, which one is considered an ALARA setting? A) Output power B) Overall gain C) TGC D) Dynamic range - Correct Answer-A) Output power
  4. Doppler shift is defined as: A) the number of pulses per scan line B) exceeding the Nyquist limit C) the difference between the outgoing and incoming sound frequencies D) process information from spectral analysis - Correct Answer-C) the difference between the outgoing and incoming sound frequencies
  5. What can be done to unwrap a spectral wave that is wrapping around the baseline? A) Increasing the Doppler shift B) Increase the limit C) Increasing flow velocity D) Increasing sensitivity - Correct Answer-B) Increase the limit
  1. Increasing the system depth will have what affect on the maximum Doppler limit and PRF? A) The maximum limit will increase and PRF will decrease B) The maximum limit will decrease and PRF will increase C) Both will increase D) Both will decrease - Correct Answer-D) Both will decrease
  2. What conditions below are least likely to have turbulent flow? A) 5 mm vessel with 300 cm/s flow velocity B) 2 mm vessel with 300 cm/s flow velocity C) 2 mm vessel with 30 cm/s flow velocity D) 5 mm vessel with 30 cm/s flow velocity - Correct Answer-C) 2 mm vessel with 30 cm/s flow velocity
  3. Which intensity measurement is used to determine the thermal index? A) SPPA B) SATA C) SPTA D) SPTP - Correct Answer-C) SPTA
  4. What pattern will be seen in the waveform when there is turbulent flow? A) Spectral broadening B) Mirroring C) Spectral window D) Ghosting - Correct Answer-A) Spectral broadening
  5. A shadow running from the transducer face down into the far field, indicates: A) poor lateral resolution B) broken scan converter C) broken element D) enhancement - Correct Answer-C) broken element
  6. Which of the following statements about turbulent flow are not true? A) It's noted to have an increase in pressure B) It occurs with abrupt changes in vessel radius C) It's affected by velocity D) It's predicted by Reynold's number - Correct Answer-A) It's noted to have an increase in pressure