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Anatomy |- |correct |answer |-✔an |organisms |physical |structure |or |form physiology |- |correct |answer |-✔how |the |physical |structures |in |an |organism |function adaptations |- |correct |answer |-✔heritable |traits |that |make |individuals |more |likely |to |survive |and |reproduce |in |a |certain |environment |than |individuals |that |lack |those |traits natural |selection |- |correct |answer |-✔when |individuals |with |certain |alleles |have |more |offspring |that |survive |to |reproductive |age |than |do |individuals |with |different |alleles fitness |- |correct |answer |-✔ability |to |produce |viable |offspring pre |existing |traits |- |correct |answer |-✔all |adaptations |derive |from trade |offs |- |correct |answer |-✔inescapable |compromises |between |traits spermatophore |- |correct |answer |-✔a |packet |of |sperm |surrounded |by |a |large |gelatinous |mass
acclimatization |- |correct |answer |-✔short |term |phenotypic |change |in |an |individual |in |response |to |environmental |changes
- |is |reversible adaptation |- |correct |answer |-✔ability |to |acclimate |is |itself |an if |a |structure |found |in |an |animal |is |adaptive |- |correct |answer |-✔structure, |size |shape |composition |correlates |closely |with |its |function ex. |changes |is |beak |size |for |finch |in |Galapagos |islands
- |correlation |between |diet |and |beak |structure structure |function |correlation |- |correct |answer |-✔if |a |mutant |allele |alters |the |size |or |shape |of |a |structure |in |a |away |that |makes |its |function |more |efficient |individuals |with |that |allele |will |produce |more |offspring |that |will |other |individuals shape |of |proteins |- |correct |answer |-✔correlate |with |their |role |a |enzymes |which |form |structural |components
- |protein |structure |fits |its |function cellular |components |- |correct |answer |-✔often |predict |the |cells |function tissue |- |correct |answer |-✔a |group |of |cells |that |function |as |unit
- |connective
- |nervous
blood |- |correct |answer |-✔transports |materials |throughout |the |venerate |body, |contains |a |variety |of |cell |types |and |has |a |specialized |extracellular |matrix nervous |tissue |- |correct |answer |-✔made |of |neurons |and |several |types |of |supporting |cells neurons |- |correct |answer |-✔transmit |electrical |signals |which |are |produced |by |changes |in |the |permeability |of |the |cells |plasma |membrane |to |ions supporting |cells |- |correct |answer |-✔regulate |ion |concentrations |in |the |space |surrounding |neurons, |supplying |neurons |with |nutrients, |or |serving |as |scaffolding |or |support |for |neurons dendrites |- |correct |answer |-✔highly |branched |relatively |short |processes |that |facilitate |transmission |of |signals |from |adjacencies |cells |to |the |neuronal |cell |body axon |- |correct |answer |-✔aa |relatively |long |structure |that |carries |electrical |signals |from |the |cell |body |to |other |cells muscle |tissue |- |correct |answer |-✔movement |of |the |body, |pumping |of |the |heart |and |mixing |of |food |in |the |gastrointestinal |tract
- |skeletal
- |cardiac
- |smooth
skeletal |muscle |- |correct |answer |-✔attaches |to |bones |and |exerts |a |force |on |them |when |it |contract -responsible |for |most |movements cardiac |muscle |- |correct |answer |-✔makes |up |the |walls |of |the |heart |and |is |responsible |for |pumping |blood |throughout |the |body -has |coordinated |contraction |an |relaxation smooth |muscle |- |correct |answer |-✔form |a |muscle |tissue |that |Ines |the |walls |of |the |digestive |tract |and |blood |vessels. -helps |move |food |through |the |digestive |tract |and |reg |blood |pressure epithelial |tissues |- |correct |answer |-✔cover |the |outside |f |the |body |, |line |the |inner |surface |of |many |organs |and |form |glands organ |- |correct |answer |-✔a |structure |that |serves |a |specialized |function |and |consists |of |two |or |more |tissues a |gland |- |correct |answer |-✔is |an |organ |that |secretes |specific |molecules |or |solutions |such |as |hormones |digestive |enzymes epithelia |- |correct |answer |-✔interior |vs |exterior are |gatekeepers |for |substances |selectively |transported |across -tight |junctions |and |desmosomes |hold |them |together |tightly simple |epithelium |- |correct |answer |-✔a |single |cell |layer |thick
small |animals |- |correct |answer |-✔lose |heat |and |water |more |rapidly |than |large |large |animals |and |are |more |susceptible |to |damage |from |the |cold |or |dehydration surface |area |to |volume |relationship |- |correct |answer |-✔rate |at |whcih |these |and |other |molecules |and |ions |diffuse |depends |in |surface |area |available |for |diffusion rate |at |which |nutrients |are |used |and |heat |and |waste |products |are |produced |depends |the |volume |of |the |animal as |an |animal |gets |larger, |its |volume |increases |much |more |rapidly |than |its |surface |area |does surface |area |of |a |cube |increases |its |linear |dimension |squared volume |increase |as |a |unction |of |linear |dimension |cubed surge |area |increase |much |more |slowly |than |does |its |volume |or |mass metabolic |rate metabolic |rate |- |correct |answer |-✔the |overall |rate |of |energy |consumption |by |an |individual often |measured |in |terms |of |o2 |consumption
basal |metabolic |rate |- |correct |answer |-✔the |rate |at |which |an |animal |consumes |oxygen |while |at |rest |which |an |empty |stomach |under |normal |temperature |and |moisture |conditions to |compare |met |rates |of |different |species |which |is |mass |specific makes |it |possible |to |compare |very |small |species |with |very |large |ones small |animals |have |higher |BMRs -ex, |an |elephant |has |more |mass |than |a |mouse |but |a |gram |of |elephant |tissue |consumes |much |less |energy |than |a |gram |of |mouse |tissue depends |on |exchange |across |surfaces
- |as |an |organisms |die |increases |it |s |mass |specific |metabolic |rate |must |decrease gills |- |correct |answer |-✔organs |that |allow |the |exchange |of |gases |and |dissolved |substances |between |the |animals |blood |and |the |surrounding |water newly |hatched |larvae |take |up |most |of |the |oxygen |they |need |by |diffusion |across |the |skin |- |correct |answer |-✔as |an |individuals |grows, |its |skin |surface |area |decreases |in |relation |to |its |volume |so |they |switch |from |mostly |skin |breathing |to |mostly |gill |breathing flattening |- |correct |answer |-✔fish |have |gill |lamellae |thin |sheets |of |epithelialcells |that |provide |the |gill |with |an |extremely |high |surface |area |relative |to |its |volume.
regulate |- |correct |answer |-✔actively |maintain |relatively |constant |internal |conditions they |would |loose |heat |too |quickly |to |the |surrounding |water |- |correct |answer |- ✔many |aquatic |animals |don't |maintain |their |body |temperature |because conform |- |correct |answer |-✔the |body |temperature |Changs |as |the |water |warms |or |cools
- |done |to |save |energy |by |not |using |metabolic |heat |to |regulate |their |body |temp |but |they |might |experiences |trade |offs epithelia |control |exchange |of |ions |water |nutrients |and |waste |- |correct |answer |- ✔homeostasis |is |possible |because ...under |narrow |range |of |conditions |- |correct |answer |-✔most |enzymes |function |best...... ex. |enzymes |do |chemical |reactions |for |temp |ph |and |other |physical |conditions how |quickly |solutes |diffuse |- |correct |answer |-✔temperature |changes |affect |membrane |permeability |and |.... regulation |and |feedback |of |homeostasis |- |correct |answer |-✔uses |regulatory |systems |to |monitor |internal |conditions |and |if |they |changes, |the |homeostatic |system |acts |quickly |to |modify |it
set |point |- |correct |answer |-✔a |normal |or |target |range |of |values |for |the |control |variable homeostatic |system |consists |of |- |correct |answer |-✔a |sensor |and |integrator |and |an |effector sensor |- |correct |answer |-✔a |structure |that |senses |some |aspect |of |the |external |and |internal |environment integrator |- |correct |answer |-✔evaluates |the |incoming |sensory |information |by |comparing |it |to |the |set |point |and |determines |whether |a |response |is |necessary |to |achieve |homeostasis effector |- |correct |answer |-✔any |structure |that |helps |restore |the |internal |condition |being |monitored |by |the |system hypothalumus |- |correct |answer |-✔receptors |in |the |brain |region |that |respond |in |a |similar |fashion |to |changes |in |blood |temperature homeostatic |control sensor |-> |integrator(at |hypothalamus) |-> |effector negative |feedback |- |correct |answer |-✔effectors |reduce |or |oppose |the |change |in |internal |conditions
convection |- |correct |answer |-✔heat |is |exchanged |between |a |solid |and |a |moving |liquid |or |gas radiation |- |correct |answer |-✔transfer |of |heat |between |two |bodes |that |are |not |in |direct |physical |contact. |All |objects |including |animals |radiate |energy |as |a |function |of |their |temperature evaporation |- |correct |answer |-✔phase |change |that |occurs |when |a |liquid |becomes |a |gas leads |only |to |heat |loss endotherm |- |correct |answer |-✔produces |adequate |heat |t |warm |its |own |tissues ectotherm |- |correct |answer |-✔relies |principally |on |heat |gained |from |theenvironment homeotherms |- |correct |answer |-✔keep |their |body |temperature |constant poikilotherms |- |correct |answer |-✔allow |their |body |temperature |to |rise |or |fall |depending |on |environmental |conditions torpor |- |correct |answer |-✔reduce |their |metabolic |rate |and |allow |their |body |temperature |to |drop... |a |form |of |poikilothermy hibernation |- |correct |answer |-✔torpor |that |persists |for |weeks |or |months
why |can |end |therms |warm |themselves |- |correct |answer |-✔because |basal |metabolic |rates |are |extremely |high radiation |and |conduction |- |correct |answer |-✔most |important |heat |sources |in |ectotherms endothermy |- |correct |answer |-✔can |be |active |in |winter |and |can |sustain |high |levels |of |aerobic |activities must |have |large |quantities |of |energy |rich |food ectothermy |- |correct |answer |-✔able |to |thrive |with |much |less |food can |use |a |greater |proportion |of |their |total |energy |intake |to |support |reproduction chemical |reaction |rates |are |temperature |dependent more |vulnerable |to |predation countercurrent |exchangers |- |correct |answer |-✔arrangement |in |which |fluids |for |through |adjacent |pipes |in |opposite |directions
- |ex, |warmer |to |cooler |gradient |between |the |two |fluids |at |every |point |along |the |length |of |a |countercurrent |exchanger concurrent |flow, |the |large |gradients |disappear |quickly
- |so |little |osmotic |stress sponges, |jellyfish, |flatworms isomotic |- |correct |answer |-✔when |seawater |is |isomotic |with |the |tissues |of |osmoconformng |animals
- |the |solute |concentrations |inside |and |outside |these |animals |are |equal osmoregulators |- |correct |answer |-✔marine |and |freshwater |bony |fishes |and |terrestrial |animals actively |regulate |osmolarity |inside |their |bodies |to |achieve |homeostasis lower |- |correct |answer |-✔by |osmoregulating, |marine |body |fishes |keep |the |osmolarity |of |their |tissues |____ |than |that |of |seawater hyperosmotic |- |correct |answer |-✔seawater |is |hyper |osmotic |to |the |tissues |of |marine |bony |fishes the |solution |outside |the |body |has |a. |higher |solute |concentration |than |the |solution |inside
- |water |tends |to |flow |by |osmosis |out |of |the |gill |epithelium |of |marine |bony |fish drinking |large |amounts |of |seawater
- |this |creates |excess |electrolytes |so |electrolyte |balance |is |disrupted |even |further |because |ions |diffuse |into |the |gill |epithelium, |following |a |concentrationgradienj |from |seawater |to |tissues
- |to |get |rid |of |them, |marine |bony |fish |actively |pimp |ions |out |of |their |bodies |and |back |into |the |seawater |using |membrane |proteins |located |n |the |gill |epithelium
- |also |lose |electrolytes |by |excreting |small |quantities |of |highly |concentrated |urine |- |correct |answer |-✔How |do |marine |bony |fish |replace |the |lost |water? solutes |- |correct |answer |-✔freshwater |fish |gain |water |and |lose hyposmotic |- |correct |answer |-✔freshwater |fishes |epthileial |cells |have |a. |higher |solute |concentration |than |the |freshwater |outside
- |freshwater |fish |gain |water |via |osmosis |acrosss |the |gill |epithelium |so |they |must |get |rid |of |incoming |water excrete |large |amounts |of |water |in |their |urine |and |don't |drink
- |problem |because |electrolytes |tend |to |diffuse |out |of |gill |epithelium |into |the |environment |along |their |concentration |gradients
- |so |they |obtain |out |electrolytes |by |food |or |by |actively |transporting |them |into |body |- |correct |answer |-✔How |do |freshwater |fish |get |rid |of |incoming |water? evaporation |- |correct |answer |-✔land |animals |constantly |lose |water |to |the |environment |, |not |by |osmosis, |but |by....
antiporter |- |correct |answer |-✔a |cotransporter |that |moves |different |solutes |in |opposite |directions no |mechanisms |for |transporting |water |across |membranes... |instead |cells |use |pumps |to |transport |ions |and |set |an |osmotic |gradient; |water |then |follows |by |osmosis |through |aquaporins |- |correct |answer |-✔How |does |water |cross |cell |membrane aquaporins |- |correct |answer |-✔specialized |membrane |channels |that |carry |watter ammonia |- |correct |answer |-✔is |toxic |to |cells |because |at |high |concentrations |it |raises |the |pH |of |intracellular |and |extracellular |fluids |enough |to |inactivate |enzymes
- |made |from |excess |amino |acids |and |nucleic |acids |can |be |broken |own |in |catabolic |reactions |that |produce |it excreting |it |or |by |converting |it |to |other |nitrogenous |compounds |which |are |then |excreted |. |- |correct |answer |-✔how |do |animals |avoid |ammonia |toxicity? urine |- |correct |answer |-✔in |freshwater |fishes |ammonia |is |diluted |to |a |low |concentration |and |excreted |in |watery |____ concentration |gradient |- |correct |answer |-✔in |freshwater |and |marine |body |fishes, |ammonia |diffuses |across |the |gills |into |the |surrounding |water |along |its
urea |- |correct |answer |-✔in |mammals |and |adult |amphibians. |enzyme-catalyzed |reactions |convert |ammonia |to |a |much |less |toxic |compound |called |_____ |which |is |excreted |in |urine uric |acid |- |correct |answer |-✔in |terrestrial |bird |and |reptiles, |reactions |convert |ammonia |to |______ |the |white |paste |like |substance..
- |is |much |less |soluble |in |water
- |this |can |get |rid |of |excess |nitrogen |while |losing |little |water osmotic |stress |- |correct |answer |-✔The |amount |of |nitrogenous |waste |production |is |related |to |the |___________ |that |a |species |endures osmoregulators |- |correct |answer |-✔marine |bony |fish |are osmoconformers |- |correct |answer |-✔sharks, |rays |and |skates |are |____ sharks |blood |contains |low |concentrations |of |ions |but |relatively |gin |concentrations |of |urea. |This |increases |their |blood |osmolarity |so |that |it |is |isosmotic |with |sea |water ..... |so |sharks |loose |little |water |by |osmosis |but |must |protect |their |cells |from |the |toxic |effects |of |high |urea |concentrations |- |correct |answer |-✔-sharks |may |excerpt |salt |because |sodium |and |chloride |ions |diffuse |into |their |gill |cells |from |sea |water |along |theirs |concentration |gradients rectal |gland |- |correct |answer |-✔secretes |a |concentrated |salt |solution -salt |secretion |involves |active |transport
