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UCI Bio 93 Final Exam: Cell Differentiation, RNA Splicing, Translation, Exams of Biology

Hampton University (HU)Biology

A comprehensive set of questions and answers covering key concepts in cell biology, including cell differentiation, rna splicing, translation initiation, and embryonic development. It explores the mechanisms of gene regulation, the role of transcription factors and repressors, and the processes of pattern formation and organogenesis. The document also delves into the structure and function of neurons, including the different types of neurons and the role of glial cells. It further examines the principles of membrane potential, action potentials, and synaptic transmission, including the role of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and biogenic amines. Finally, it touches upon dna cloning and crispr-cas9 gene editing techniques.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 03/26/2025

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UCI Bio 93 Final Exam Questions and
answers 2025
cell .differentiation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Different .combinations .of .activators
.and .repressors .can .lead .to .differential .gene .expression.
These .different .combinations .of .transcription .factors/repressors .can .also .lead
.to .cell .differentiation
RNA .Splicing .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Can .lead .to .the .formation .of .different
.protein .products .from .a .single .gene
mRNA .Degradation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Prevents .mRNA .from .being
.translated.
Achieves .this .through .the .removal .of .the .5' .and .shortening .of .poly-A .tail.
Translation .Initiation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Translation .initiation .can .also .be
.prevented .when .substances .block .the .mRNA .or .the .ribosome.
Cytoplasmic .determinants .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-include .molecules .such .as
.RNA .and .proteins .that .result .in .differential .gene .expression.
Once .the .zygote .divides, .the .uneven .distribution .of .cytoplasmic .determinants
.will .contribute .to .cell .differentiation
Cell .Determination .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Cells .become ."determined" .to .a
.specific .cell .type .once .mastery .regulatory .genes .are .turned .on.
In .the .case .of .muscle .cells .for .example, .transcription .of .the .MyoD .gene
.commits .an .undifferentiated .cell .to .become .a .muscle .cell.
The .MyoD .gene .codes .for .a .transcription .factor .that .activates .the .expression .of
.other .genes.
Induction .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .process .where .embryonic .cells .undergo
.transcriptional .changes .after .receiving .signal .molecules .from .nearby .cells.
Pattern .Formation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Pattern .formation .establishes .the
.major .axis .and .body .segments .of .an .organism.
Cytoplasmic .determinants .influence .the .process .of .pattern .formation.
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UCI Bio 93 Final Exam Questions and

answers 2025

cell .differentiation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Different .combinations .of .activators .and .repressors .can .lead .to .differential .gene .expression. These .different .combinations .of .transcription .factors/repressors .can .also .lead .to .cell .differentiation RNA .Splicing .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Can .lead .to .the .formation .of .different .protein .products .from .a .single .gene mRNA .Degradation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Prevents .mRNA .from .being .translated. Achieves .this .through .the .removal .of .the .5' .and .shortening .of .poly-A .tail. Translation .Initiation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Translation .initiation .can .also .be .prevented .when .substances .block .the .mRNA .or .the .ribosome. Cytoplasmic .determinants .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-include .molecules .such .as .RNA .and .proteins .that .result .in .differential .gene .expression. Once .the .zygote .divides, .the .uneven .distribution .of .cytoplasmic .determinants .will .contribute .to .cell .differentiation Cell .Determination .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Cells .become ."determined" .to .a .specific .cell .type .once .mastery .regulatory .genes .are .turned .on. In .the .case .of .muscle .cells .for .example, .transcription .of .the .MyoD .gene .commits .an .undifferentiated .cell .to .become .a .muscle .cell. The .MyoD .gene .codes .for .a .transcription .factor .that .activates .the .expression .of .other .genes. Induction .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .process .where .embryonic .cells .undergo .transcriptional .changes .after .receiving .signal .molecules .from .nearby .cells. Pattern .Formation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Pattern .formation .establishes .the .major .axis .and .body .segments .of .an .organism. Cytoplasmic .determinants .influence .the .process .of .pattern .formation.

Bicoid .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Bicoid .is .a .maternal .effect .gene .that .helps .establish .the .anterior .end .of .Drosophila. Bicoid .product .is .found .at .the .anterior .end .of .the .embryo .and .is .an .example .of .a .morphogen. Morphogens .are .unevenly .distributed .substances .that .aid .in .pattern .formation. Stages .of .Embryonic .Development .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .Fertilization

  1. .Cleavage
  2. .Gastrulation
  3. .Organogenesis Cleavage .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Cleavage .involves .rapid .cell .division .of .a .fertilized .egg .without .overall .cell .growth Pattern .of .cleavage .is .influenced .by .yolk .distribution .on .the .vegetal .pole .and .animal .pole .of .the .cell. blastomeres .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-small .cells .produced .by .cleavage blastula .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .fluid .filled .ball .of .blastomeres .(happens .in .cleavage) Gastrulation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Gastrulation .creates .the .different .germ .layers .in .the .cell. During .the .process .of .gastrulation, .cells .from .the .outer .layer .of .the .blastula .fold .into .the .interior. This .movement .of .the .cells .will .ultimately .create. 3 .germ .layers .which .are .the .ectoderm, .mesoderm, .and .endoderm. Organogenesis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-During .organogenesis, .the. 3 .germ .layers .develop .into .organs. the .notochord .will .form .from .the .mesoderm .and .the .neural .plate .forms .from .the .ectoderm. The .neural .plate .will .then .fold .into .a .neural .tube .which .creates .the .central .nervous .system. Structure .of .a .Neuron .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Neuron .contains. 4 .main .structures .which .include .dendrites, .a .cell .body, .an .axon, .and .a .synaptic .terminal. Dendrites .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .structures .that .receive .sensory .input .from .other .neurons.

At .the .resting .potential, .potassium .leak .channels .are .always .open Voltage .gated .ion .channels .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-open .or .close .in .response .to .electrical .stimuli Action .potentials .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-will .only .occur .if .the .membrane .is .depolarized .past .a .certain .threshold Passing .the .threshold .causes .sodium .gated .ion .channels .to .open .which .makes .the .inside .of .the .cell .more .positive .(depolarization) After .a .certain .point, .voltage .gated .sodium .channels .close .and .voltage .gated .potassium .channels .open. This .makes .the .membrane .more .negative .(repolarization) .until .it .is .back .at .resting .potential. Action .potentials .can .travel .along .an .axon .as .neighboring .regions .are .depolarized axon .hillock .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Action .potentials .start .near .the .axon .hillock .and .will .travel .down .the .axon .until .they .reach .the .axon .terminals refractory .period .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .time .following .an .action .potential .during .which .a .new .action .potential .cannot .be .initiated where .voltage .gated .Na+ .channels .must .wait .to .be .reopened Speed .of .an .Action .Potential .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-can .be .influenced .by .an .axons .diameter .or .through .saltatory .conduction. larger .axon .diameter .will .increase .the .speed .of .an .action .potential The .speed .of .action .potentials .are .also .increased .when .axons .are .insulated .with .a .myelin .sheath This .causes .action .potentials .to .jump .rapidly .down .the .axon .at .specific .points .called .nodes .of .ranvier Synapses .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-junctions .between .neurons .and .other .cells .that .allow .for .the .transfer .of .information When .an .action .potential .arrives .at .a .synaptic .terminal, .it .triggers .neurotransmitters .to .be .released. Specifically, .the .depolarization .of .the .synaptic .terminal .releases .neurotransmitters .when .voltage .gated .calcium .channels .open.

Neurotransmitters .will .bind .to .ligand .gated .ion .channels .on .an .adjacent .cell .and .illicit .a .response Postsynaptic .Potential .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Excitatory .postsynaptic .potentials .(EPSP's) .that .occur .in .rapid .succession .undergo .an .effect .called .temporal .summation. EPSP's .that .occur .simultaneously .from .two .different .synapses .undergo .an .effect .called .spatial .summation. Termination .of .Neurotransmitters .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-To .stop .a .neuron .from .receiving .postsynaptic .potentials .neurotransmitters .must .be .removed.

  1. .Neurotransmitters .can .diffuse .out .of .synapse.
  2. .Neurotransmitters .can .be .taken .back .up .by .presynaptic .neurons.
  3. .Neurotransmitters .can .be .degraded .by .enzymes. Acetylcholine .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Acetylcholine .is .one .of .the .primary .neurotransmitters .in .vertebrates .and .invertebrates. One .of .the .primary .functions .of .acetylcholine .is .to .stimulate .muscle .contractions .through .motor .neurons. It .also .plays .roles .in .memory .and .learning. Biogenic .Amines .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-neurotransmitters .that .are .derived .from .amino .acids. Commonly .known .molecules .such .as .dopamine, .serotonin, .and .Norepinephrine .are .biogenic .amines. They .can .have .a .wide .range .of .functions .from .regulating .blood .pressure .to .regulating .behavior. DNA .Cloning .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-can .amplify .a .gene .to .create .more .protein .products. Cloning .makes .use .of .plasmids .which .are .small .circular .DNA .strands .found .in .bacteria. These .plasmids .can .be .cut .and .inserted .with .foreign .DNA .to .yield .recombinant .DNA. Restriction .enzymes .recognize .specific .sites .of .DNA .to .be .cut .called .restriction .sites This .creates .fragments .with .overhanging .stretches .of .DNA .called .sticky .ends

Genes .located .on .the .same .chromosome .that .tend .to .be .inherited .together .in .genetic .crosses. → .linked Crossing .over .breaks .the .linkage .between .genes .on .the .same .chromosome! Allows .for .more .non-parental .phenotypes .(recombinant .offspring) Epigenetics .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Epigenetic .tags .change .with .experiences, .environmental .interaction, .and .even .our .diet! Worker .bee. → ."Queen" .genes .turned .off Queen .bee. → .she .grows .up .in .a .queen .cup .(which .has .royal .jelly. → .opens .chromatin .structure .and .turns .on ."Queen" .genes Epistasis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Involves .two .or .more .genes! When .a .gene .at .one .locus .changes .the .phenotypic .expression .of .a .different .gene .at .a .second .locus Polygenic .Inheritance .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-When .MULTIPLE .gene .affects .ONE .phenotypic .trait Examples: .height, .weight, .and .skin .color .in .humans Pleiotropy .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-When .ONE .gene .affects .MULTIPLE .phenotypic .traits Example: .sickle .cell .anemia Codominance .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Both .alleles .are .simultaneously .expressed .in .the .heterozygote. Both .alleles .affect .the .phenotype .in .separate, .distinguishable .ways! Incomplete .Dominance .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Relationship .between .alleles, .with .a .heterozygous .phenotype .intermediate .(or .blend) .between .the .two .homozygous .phenotypes Neither .allele .is .dominant! Law .of .Independent .Assortment .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-When .homologous .pairs .line .up .in .random .orientations .at .the .middle .of .the .cell .as .they .prepare .to .separate, .we .can .get .gametes .with .different .combos .of ."mom" .and ."dad" .homologues .because .the .orientation .of .each .pair .is .random. Nondisjunction .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Chromosome .fail .to .sperate If .nondisjunction .occurs .in .meiosis .I, .all .four .haploid .cells .will .be .affected! If .nondisjunction .occurs .in .meiosis .II, .only .two .haploid .cells .will .be .affected!

Meiosis .II .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Prophase .II .= .No .crossing .over Metaphase .II .= .because .of .crossing .over .in .meiosis .I, .the .two .sister .chromatids .of .each .chromosome .that .line .up .in .the .middle .are .NOT .genetically .identical Anaphase .II .= .sister .chromatids .separate Telophase .II .and .Cytokinesis .=. 4 .haploid .cells Meiosis .I .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Prophase .I .= .crossing .over .occurs. → .forming .synapsis .and .exchanging .genetic .material Metaphase .I .= .homologous .chromosomes .line .up .in .the .middle .at .the .metaphase .plate Anaphase .I .= .homologous .chromosomes .are .separated Telophase .I .and .Cytokinesis .= .two .haploid .daughter .cells .form