Theories of Human Development and Learning, Slides of Developmental Psychology

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THEORIES OF HUMAN

DEVELOPMENT

ISSUES ON DEVELOPMENT

PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY// ERIK ERIKSON

• our ego is a positive force that creates a self- identity, a sense of “I.” As the center of our personality, our ego helps us adapt to the various conflicts and crises of life and keeps us from losing our individuality to the leveling forces of society.
• the ego emerges from and is largely shaped by society.
• Erikson believed that the ego develops throughout the various stages of life according to an epigenetic principle

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY// ERIK

ERIKSON

• growth takes place according to the epigenetic principle. That is, one component part arises out of another and has its own time of ascendancy, but it does not entirely replace earlier components.
• in every stage of life there is an interaction of opposites—that is, a conflict between a syntonic (harmonious) element and a dystonic (disruptive) element.
• at each stage, the conflict between the dystonic and syntonic elements produces an ego quality or ego strength, which Erikson referred to as a basic strength.
• too little basic strength at any one stage results in a core pathology for that stage.
• , although Erikson referred to his eight stages as psychosocial stages, he never lost sight of the biological aspect of human development.

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY// ERIK ERIKSON

COMPARISON OF FREUD AND ERIKSON

LEARNING THEORIES

According to the learning theory perspective, it is a mistake to assume that children advance through a series of distinct stages guided by biological maturation, as Freud, Erikson, and other stage theorists have argued. Instead, learning theorists view development as nothing more than learning. For them, development is a continuous process of behavior change that is context specific and can differ enormously from person to person

LEARNING THEORIES//

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

• Ivan Pavlov first discovered the Classical Conditioning.
• simple form of learning in which a stimulus that initially had no effect on the individual comes to elicit a response through its association with a stimulus that already elicits the response.
• Little Albert Experiment; emotional responses can be learned

LEARNING THEORIES//

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY/ SOCIAL COGNITIVE

THEORY

• MODELS

1. Live
2. Verbal
3. symbolic

• OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

• 4 STAGES OF LEARNING

A. ATTENTION

B. REPRESENTATION

C. MOTOR REPRODUCTION

D. MOTIVATION

LEARNING THEORIES

SUMMARY

JEAN PIAGET’S STAGES OF COGNITIVE

DEVELOPMENT

LEV VYGOTSKY’S SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

ON COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

• cognitive development is shaped by the sociocultural context in which it occurs and grows out of children’s interactions with members of their culture.
• Children are social beings who develop their minds through their interactions with more knowledgeable members of their culture. (this will be discussed further in our Cognition topic)