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Test 1-BIO 210 Questions and Answers
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Anatomy ✔✔the study of structure (where's it located?....what does it look like?)
Physiology ✔✔the study of function at many level (how's it built?....how's it work?)
Subdivisions of Anatomy ✔✔Gross
Macroscopic
Microscopic
Developmental
Principle of Complementarity ✔✔Anatomy and Physiology are inseparable
function always reflects structure
what a structure can do depends on its specific form
Level of Structural Organization (in order-smallest to largest) ✔✔Chemical (atoms and molecules)
Cellular (cells and their organelles)
Tissue (groups of similar cells)
Organ (contains two or more types of tissues)
Organ System (organs that work closely together)
Organismal (all organ systems--the entity itself)
11 Major Organ Systems ✔✔Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Lymphatic/Immune System
Digestive System
Reproductive System
Urinary System
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Necessary Life Functions (8 total) ✔✔Maintaining Boundaries
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms ✔✔Negative Feedback (regulating body tempand regulating of bld volume in ADH) & Positive Feedback(INHANCEMENT OF LABOR CONTRACTIONS OR BLOOD CLOTTING
(once positive feedback achieves what it needs, negative feedback stops it) nervous and endocrine systems
Components of a Control Mechanism ✔✔Receptor (sensor)
Control Center (determines set point at which variable is maintained)
Effector (response act to reduce or enhance the stimulus/feedback)
Chemical reactions ✔✔chemical bonds are formed rearranged or broken
States of Matter ✔✔SOLID (definite shape and volume)
LIQUID (definite volume, changeable shape)
GAS (changeable volume and shape)
Kinetic Energy ✔✔anything in motion or in the process of being used
Potential Energy ✔✔stored or inactive energy (turns into kinetic once put into motion)
Principle forms of energy (can transition through all) ✔✔-Chemical energy
-Electrical energy
-Mechanical energy
-Radiant/electromagnetic energy
Atoms ✔✔smallest form of matter (unique building blocks for each element)
Major Elements of the Human Body and all living creatures ✔✔Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Atomic Number ✔✔number of protons in nucleus (defining property of an element)
Mass Number ✔✔mass of the protons and neutrons (ALWAYS a whole number, round to the nearest)
Octet rule ✔✔except for the first shell which is full with 2 electrons, atoms interact in a manner to have 8 electrons in their outermost energy level (valance shell)
3 Chemical Bonds & strengths ✔✔-Ionic...weaker than covalent, but stronger than hydrogen
-Covalent...strongest
-Hydrogen....weakest
Anion ✔✔negatively charged ion (has gained one or more electron)
Cation ✔✔positively charged ion (has lost one or more electron, resulting in more protons than electrons)
Covalent Bonds ✔✔-share electrons with other atoms
-always have to stay together to stay stable
-sharing may be equal or unequal
-equal sharing creates a =non-polar molecule
-electrically neutral and unequal produces =polar molecules with opposite charges
endergonic ✔✔reaction that stores energy, products have more energy than the reactants
exergonic ✔✔chemical reaction that releases some form of energy, such as light or heat.
endothermic ✔✔describes a reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings
exothermic ✔✔of a chemical reaction or compound) occurring or formed with evolution of heat
what factors can increase the rate of a chemical reaction ✔✔increased temperature
decreased particle size
increased concentration of reactant
catalysts=increase rate without being chemically changed...an enzyme that makes a reaction faster
synthesis (combination) reactions ✔✔= (anabolic) building reation
A+B->AB
decomposition reactions ✔✔=break apart exchange ( catabolic)
proteins
nucleic acids
5 properties of Water ✔✔1) High heat capacity
High heat of vaporization
Polar solvent properties (slight changes on each end = polar solvent)
Reactivity
Cushioning
salt ✔✔any compound thas not a acid or base in water, dissolve and form electrolytes
electrolyte ✔✔-, a substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts electric current (Ionic compounds that dissociates in water
...CARBOHYDRATES ARE STORED ✔✔-, in the liver and muscle cells as glycogen
acids ✔✔compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water ph 1-
bases ✔✔Compoundes that reduce the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution ( pH between 8-14)
carbohydrate ✔✔any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things.made of sugarand starches molecules
types of carbohydrates ✔✔monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
pH scale ✔✔0-14 with 7 being neutral (water)
higher the [H+] = ✔✔the lower the pH
lower the [H+] = ✔✔the higher the pH
mixture of compounds that resist pH changes ✔✔buffers
- Eicosanoids
lipids are... ✔✔-insoluble in water
-NON-POLAR
fats
composed of 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule ✔✔Triglycerides
kink in strand and liquid at room temp. due to double bond between C atoms... ✔✔unsaturated fatty acids
solid at room temp. and single bonds between C atoms; maximum number of H attached... ✔✔saturated fatty acids
cell membrane made of.... ✔✔phospholipids ("head" and "tail" regions have different properties- one wants water the other hates water)
interlocking four-ring structure; cholesterol ✔✔steroids
7 Protein functions ✔✔1) structural proteins (collagen, elastin)
contractile proteins (actin/myosin)
storage of nutrients (ferritin)
transport proteins (Na-K pump)
cell mediated responses (rhodopsin)
hormones (insulin/glucagon)
enzymes (protein catalysts)
peptide bonds ✔✔Bonds between amino acids Primary structure/ sequence is determined by what type of bonds
Secondary structure, Tertiary structure, and Quaternary structure all have what type of bonds ✔✔hydrogen bonds
2 types of proteins ✔✔1) Fibrous (structural) proteins
- Globular (functional) proteins
-reversible in most cases, if normal conditions are restored
-irreversible if extreme changes damage the structure beyond repair (cooking an egg)
makes sure proteins fold properly to make sure they do their correct job.... ✔✔molecular chaperones (chaperonins)
function of a protein ✔✔provide structure and support. enable movement. aid in communication or transportation. help carry out important chemical reactions.
primary structure of a protein ✔✔a sequence is determined by what type of bondssequence of linked amino acids
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) ✔✔a double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.
RNA ✔✔A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single- stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.
ATP ✔✔(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
components of nucleotide ✔✔Nitrogenous base + Sugar + Phosphates DNA = A, T, G, C RNA = A, U, G, C
nucleus ✔✔a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
cytoplasm in cell ✔✔• Region of the cell within the membrane that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton and all of the organelles except for nucleus store chemicals glycogen
plasma membrane ✔✔thin outer boundary of a cell that regulates the traffic of chemicals between the cell and its surroundings
components of plasma membrane ✔✔-phosphate heads (select permeability through phospholipid bi-layer)
-cholesterol (stability)
-proteins (lets water pass)
6 RESTORES ORIGINAL COMORMATION
Resting membrane potential the cytoplasm of a cell is rich in ✔✔potassium
resting membrane potential the interstitial fluid surrounding cell is rich in ✔✔sodium
Lipid bilayer consists of what 3 main things ✔✔1) phospholipids
cholesterol
glycolipids
proton ✔✔positive charge with mass 1amu
neutrons ✔✔the particles of the nucleus that have no charge = 1 amu
electron ✔✔negatively charged particle ; located outside the atomic nucleus 1/2000 mass of proton 0 amu
ion ✔✔when electons or transfered between atoms
most important inorganic compond ✔✔water
fluid-mosaic model ✔✔model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane
cell juntions and types cell junctions ✔✔Communication between cells; binding of cells in tissues, 1. Anchoring junctions: Hold cells and tissues together
- Occluding junctions: Keep things from passing through tissue that you don't want to.
- Channel-forming junctions (communicating or gap junctions): Allows traveling between cells, involved in cell-signaling.
- Signal-relaying junctions: synapses. Main type in nervous tissues.
diffusion ✔✔The process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
factors influnce rate of diffussion ✔✔temp
size
consentration
