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Name the major models of stuttering.
Diagnosogenic Theory (Theory of Causality) Capacities and Demands Model Interhemispheric Interference Model The EXPLAN theory The P&A Model TERM 2
What are the 10 areas that make a strong
theory or model?
DEFINITION 2 valid exhaustive elegant parsimonious exclusive testable predictive consistent flexible explanatory TERM 3
What are the 10 explanatory powers of a
theory?
DEFINITION 3 behavioral diversity the influence of spoken language epidemiology conditions that reduce or eliminate stuttering Stuttering and wind musical instruments Stuttering and nonsense words Stuttering and bimanual tasks Stuttering severity is variable Stuttering and genetics Brain structure and function TERM 4
What have all of these theories been unable
to explain?
DEFINITION 4 Why children begin to stutter suddenly how verbal contigent stimulation can control stuttering during early childhood TERM 5
Which theory is a theory of causality?
DEFINITION 5 Diagnosogenic Theory
Which major theory/model is not
testable?
Capacities and Demands Model TERM 7
What does the Interhemispheric Model NOT
explain?
DEFINITION 7 Behavioral diversity The influence of spoken language Stuttering severity is variable TERM 8
What are the only areas that the EXPLAN
theory DOES explain?
DEFINITION 8 Behavioral Diversity The Influence of spoken language The conditions that reduce or eliminate stuttering Stuttering and genetics Brain structure and function TERM 9
Which is the only the theory/model that has
all the explanatory power?
DEFINITION 9 The P&A Model, however, theory is not an end-all. TERM 10
What does P&A stand
for?
DEFINITION 10 Packman & Attanasio
T/F: Genetic and developmental factors may
predispose a child to stutter.
TRUE
TERM 17
T/F: Most children who stutter past the age of
7 will continue to do so throughout their adult
lives
DEFINITION 17 TRUE TERM 18
T/F: Most preschoolers who begin to stutter
will not stop within 1-2 yrs after onset
DEFINITION 18 FALSEMost children will stop within 1-2 yrs after onset WITHOUT treatment TERM 19
What does Alm point out?
DEFINITION 19 Alm points out that anxiety and people who are anxious is NOT a predisposition for stuttering. TERM 20
Does ADHD predispose children to stutter?
DEFINITION 20 NO.
T/F: We adhere to the Diagnosogenic Theory
FALSEThe Diagnosogenic Theory attempts to explain stuttering as a result of demands on the child's external environment, but not the internal environment (i.e. development) TERM 22
What stuttering is associated with
chromosome 9?
DEFINITION 22 All stuttering Persistent Recovered TERM 23
What stuttering is associated with
chromosome 15?
DEFINITION 23 Persistent Stuttering TERM 24
What stuttering is associated with
chromosome 7?
DEFINITION 24 Stuttering in males TERM 25
What stuttering is associated with
chromosome 21?
DEFINITION 25 Stuttering in females
What does anticipation of stuttering
include?
Reactions include: Anxiety Avoidance/Escape Speech management skills TERM 32
What percent of stutterers prefer not to use
speech management?
DEFINITION 32 40% TERM 33
What is the familial incidence for stuttering?
DEFINITION 33 About 69% - it varies by study... but there is a genetic factor. TERM 34
Which gender is most likely to be affected by
stuttering?
DEFINITION 34 Males TERM 35
What do genetic links to stuttering
mean?
DEFINITION 35 It means that there could be a genetic predisposition to stuttering in an individual, but there are other reasons for why individuals develop stuttering just as any medical condition or disorder.
What can a family inherit?
Inherit tendency to stutter inherit tendency to stutter AND recover TERM 37
What factors "predict" natural recovery? The
Recovery Factors
DEFINITION 37 female no family history of persistent stuttering early onset good language, articulation, and intelligence TERM 38
What do parents NEED to be told?
DEFINITION 38 Stuttering is often inherit and NOT a result of bad parenting. TERM 39
T/F: The cause for stuttering is
known.
DEFINITION 39 FALSE We still don't really know the whole story or cause. But we know that there are neurological differences in people who stutter. BUT we don't know what came first (chicken or egg story). TERM 40
What brain structures and functions have
been associated to stuttering?
DEFINITION 40 Basal Ganglia Left Auditory Cortex Deactivation Overactivation of right hemisphere areas Irregularity of white fiber tracts/late myelination of white fiber tracts for speech production (P&A Model) Anomalous symmetry of planum temporale
Examples of repeated
movements
facial contortions eye closing head tilting respiratory irregularties ONE is at least exhibited by 52% of children TERM 47
Dysfluency
DEFINITION 47 ABNORMAL DISRUPTIONShesitations, tension, difficulty with rhythm, "choppy," repetition or prolongation of sound in the initial sound or in the part of a word. - same sound or part of word; tone/pitch - can be monotone Associated secondary behaviors: stamping, clenching movements of the head, face, eyes, arms, and legs. TERM 48
Disfluency
DEFINITION 48 Interruptions to the forward flow of speech TERM 49
Categories for Stuttering Moments
DEFINITION 49 Repeated Movements Fixed Postures Extraneous Behaviors TERM 50
Repeated Movements
DEFINITION 50 Syllable Repetition Incomplete Syllable Repetition Multisyllabic unit repetition (e.g. I am going, I am going, I am going)
Fixed Postures
refers to mouth and face when making a productiontwo routes: audible and inaudible TERM 52
Audible Airflow
DEFINITION 52 Prolongation TERM 53
Inaudible Airflow
DEFINITION 53 Block - open mouth posture - breath held TERM 54
Extraneous behaviors
DEFINITION 54 Two routes: verbal and nonverbalCalls attention to itself.Redundant and not necessary TERM 55
Verbal Extraneous
Behaviors
DEFINITION 55 filler words, could be words used as interjection - excessively and interferes with the flow of communication.
T/F: Stuttering will occur next to words that
were removed (reading)
TRUE - this is called the Adjacency Effect TERM 62
What are 8 fluency-inducing conditions?
DEFINITION 62 Speaking when alone...to child/animals Choral speech (e.g. pledge of allegiance) Singing and Whispering Speaking to a Metronome Speaking slowly speaking in a different voice/dialect masking noise, DAF (delayed auditory feedback), FAF (frequency altered feedback) Swearing TERM 63
What might help trigger onset of stuttering?
DEFINITION 63 Predisposition physical stressors (e.g. respiratory problems, surgery) emotional stressors (divorce, moving, etc.) TERM 64
Theories of stuttering attempt to
explain...
DEFINITION 64 Developmental (predisposing, precipitating, and sustaining)and causal aspects of stuttering TERM 65
Predisposing
DEFINITION 65 sets up a vulnerability
Precipitating
triggers episodes or events TERM 67
Sustaining
DEFINITION 67 aggravates or maintains TERM 68
Capacities and Demands Model Simple View
DEFINITION 68 Bigger demands (external factors)than capacity (internal factors)= stuttering moment TERM 69
What does the EXPLAN theory say about
content words?
DEFINITION 69 content words are harder to plan than function words TERM 70
Threshold
DEFINITION 70 Minimal intensity that produces a sufficient excitation to evoke a motor response
