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Basal Ganglia
Group of Subcortical nuclei (caudate, globus pallidus, and putamen) located within the white matter in each cerebral hemisphere. They play an important role in movement regulation. TERM 2
What are some types of basal ganglia
dysfunction?
DEFINITION 2
- Athetosis2) Ballism3) Chorea4) Tremor5) Dystonia6) Myoclonus TERM 3
Athetosis
DEFINITION 3
- Slow, involuntary twisting of predominantly upper limb and speech muscles 2) Athetosis of the buccofacial muscles causes Dysarthria 3) Accompanied by varying degrees of hypertonia4) Writhing movements (twisting, squirming; contortion) TERM 4
Ballism
DEFINITION 4
- Forceful, swinging, jerky and sudden movements of the arms and the legs - may also involve the neck muscles2) Hemiballism - on one side of the body - Most common form of Ballism TERM 5
Chorea
DEFINITION 5 Brief rhythmic and jerky, yet graceful involuntary movements involving multiple muscles. Affects muscles of face, neck, tongue, andpharynx. Affects not only speech, but also swallowing. Muscles are hypertonic. Type - Huntington - adult onset Associated with Sydenham (post infectious condition in childhood, occurs months after strep)
Tremor
- Most common form of dyskinesia2) Alternating motor activity in one or more parts of the body3) Caused by alternate contracting of the opposing muscle, shakingThere are different types (e.g. tense and resting)Intentional tremors are associated with Cerebellar lesions TERM 7
Dyskinesia
DEFINITION 7 A movement disorder in which the ability to perform voluntary movements is impaired by the presence of involuntary movements. TERM 8
Dystonia
DEFINITION 8
- Sustained involuntary movements2) Spasmodic torticollis - seen a lot with this TERM 9
Spasmodic Torticollis
DEFINITION 9 Extremely painful, chronic Neck involuntarily turns to the left, right, upwards, and/or downwards. Cannot move head in the other direction Requires physical therapy TERM 10
Myoclonus
DEFINITION 10
- Muscle contractions that are isolated and repetitive2) Can affect the movements of speech muscles3) Etiology unknown 4) Tics (think Tourette syndrome)
Akinesia
Initiation of movement is very difficult loss or impairment of the power of VOLUNTARY movement TERM 17
What are treatments for Parkinson's Disease?
DEFINITION 17 L-Dopa - since associated with dopamine deficiency, 80% of dopamine dies off (sig. amount) before any symptoms are noticed Stereotatic surgery - very invasive. Interrupts negative flow and improve motor performance, however, does not improve speech. TERM 18
Huntington Chorea
DEFINITION 18 Also known as, Huntington disease (HD)1) Hereditary transmission - autosomal dominant (one non-sex chromosome)2) Adult onset3) Chorea4) Dementia5) Dysarthria*No cureMen and women affected equally TERM 19
Dementia
DEFINITION 19 Acquired progressive impairment of cognitive functions and altered personality subsequent to degenerative brain diseases. It is characterized by failing memory, disorientation, and impaired judgment. TERM 20
Dysarthria
DEFINITION 20
- MOTOR speech disorder-results from central or peripheral disturbances and affecting muscular control for the articulations
Wilson's Disease
- Progressive disease2) occurs mostly in people of 10 to 15 years of age 3) Disorder of copper metabolism; copper builds up in basal ganglia4) Degeneration of internal brain regions primarily in the basal ganglia5) Cirrhosis of the liver6) Increased muscle rigidity7) Tremor8) Dysarthria9) Progressive dementia 10) Kills you TERM 22
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
DEFINITION 22 Often confused with Parkinson's disease, this slowlyprogressive neurological condition affects brainstem cells that regulate ocular movements, equilibrium, and facial expression; it affectes the ability to: Move eyes Maintain equilibrium Manifest facial expressions -Dysarthria. -Rigidity-Dysphagia*Diff is does not respond to Parkinson's -Personality changes. Treatment. No known treatment.- NO TREMOR TERM 23
What muscles are affected by
chorea?
DEFINITION 23 Muscles of the Face Neck Tongue Pharynx TERM 24
What type of chorea besides Huntington is
chorea most commonly associated with?
DEFINITION 24 Sydenham -sign of rheumatic fever, mostly inchildren TERM 25
What is the most common form of dyskinesia?
DEFINITION 25 Tremor
