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Download SPE 705 - Speech Science Mid-Term 1 | PHYS - Modern Physics and more Quizzes Physics in PDF only on Docsity!
What is compression?
Areas of high air pressure. Particles are closer together
making it more dense than usual. In a sine-wave this is
represented by the "top of the hills" or peak
TERM 2
What is rarefaction?
DEFINITION 2
Areas of low air pressure. Particles are farther apart making it
less dense than usual. In a sine-wave this is represented by
the troughs or "holes."
TERM 3
What does number 1
represent?
DEFINITION 3
Period
TERM 4
What does number 2
represent?
DEFINITION 4
Peak Amplitude
TERM 5
What does number 3
represent?
DEFINITION 5
Area of compression / peak
What does number 4
represent?
Area of rarefaction / trough
TERM 7
What is a
period?
DEFINITION 7
The time it takes to complete one cycle of vibration. One
cycle is equal to one complete repetition of a pattern. T
(period in seconds) = 1/F (frequency in hertz)
TERM 8
What is frequency?
DEFINITION 8
The rate at which particles vibrate back and forth each
second. F (frequency in Hertz)= 1/T (period in seconds)
TERM 9
What is the relationship between frequency
and period?
DEFINITION 9
They have an inverse relationship. When one of them is low,
the other is high.
TERM 10
What is peak amplitude?
DEFINITION 10
The maximum deflection of a wave in ONE direction.
What does simple harmonic motion result in?
Sinusoidal (sine) wave a.k.a pure tone or simple periodic
signal.
TERM 17
What is a sine wave?
DEFINITION 17
Mathematic representation of circular motion. *****ONE
FREQUENCY and IDENTICAL CYCLES OF VIBRATION
(PERIODS)
TERM 18
What are the two types of waveforms?
DEFINITION 18
TransverseLongitudinal
TERM 19
What type of wave does sound travel in?
DEFINITION 19
Longitudinal waves
TERM 20
What is fundamental frequency?
DEFINITION 20
Represented by F0 or F
The lowest/first frequency of a complex periodic tone
Important feature of voice production
What is sound?
Sound has no substance, mass, or weight.
Sound is a disturbance and a set of movements.
A disturbance propagated in some medium (usually air).
TERM 22
What is the relationship between mass and
frequency?
DEFINITION 22
Inversely related. The greater the mass, the lower the
frequency.
TERM 23
What is the relationship between elasticity
and frequency?
DEFINITION 23
The two are directly related. INCREASED STIFFNESS =
HIGHER FREQUENCY
TERM 24
What is a waveform?
DEFINITION 24
Pretty much anything with time as the x-axis on a graph
TERM 25
What is peak to peak amplitude?
DEFINITION 25
In a sine wave, it is peak amplitude x 2. Distance between a
waveforms peak and trough
What is vibration?
Back-and-forth motion. Synonymous with oscillation.
TERM 32
What is the spring-mass oscillator a
representation/description of?
DEFINITION 32
A description of vibration (back and forth motion).
Movementfrom equilibrium.Parts of its system determine
how fast or slow vibration will occur (the frequency).
TERM 33
What part represents elasticity/stiffness?
DEFINITION 33
The spring
TERM 34
What part represents mass?
DEFINITION 34
The block at the end of the spring.
TERM 35
What is inertia?
DEFINITION 35
The tendency of an object to resist change in movement.
What is intensity?
power per unit areawhere area is usually
TERM 37
What is power usually measured
in?
DEFINITION 37
Watts (W)
TERM 38
What is a relative unit of intensity?
DEFINITION 38
decibel (dB)
TERM 39
What are the different types of dB ratios?
DEFINITION 39
dB IL (intensity level)dB SPL (sound pressure level)
TERM 40
dB IL
DEFINITION 40
Is a power ratioIL = 10 log (Wo/Wr)W/cm2If power is
doubled, IL will increase by 3 dB; a tenfold increase in power
will result in a 10 dB IL increase.
Which sounds travel farthest: loud or
soft?
Loud
TERM 47
Which sound travels fastest: loud or
soft?
DEFINITION 47
TRICK QUESTIONThey travel at the same speed. Constant
speed C if in normal conditions.
TERM 48
What is phase?
DEFINITION 48
The point in the cycle of vibration at which the waveform
begins. Usually compare phases between waves.
TERM 49
What is the phase relationship between A and
B?
DEFINITION 49
Wave A and Bare 90 degrees out of phase.
TERM 50
What is the phase relationship between B and
C?
DEFINITION 50
Wave B and Care 90 degrees out of phase.
What is the phase relationship between A and
C?
Wave A and C are180 degreesout of phase.
TERM 52
What is the phase relationship between C and
D?
DEFINITION 52
Waves C and D are 90 degrees out of phase.
TERM 53
What is the phase relationship between B and
D?
DEFINITION 53
Wave B and D are in phase.
TERM 54
What is constructive
interference?
DEFINITION 54
When waves build on each other. The waves combine to
make an even bigger wave. Waves are in phase.
TERM 55
What is destructive
interference?
DEFINITION 55
When waves take away from each other. The waves combine
to make a smaller wave or a size in between the waves. The
waves are out of phase.
According to the Fourier Theorem, a complex
periodic signals are made up of?
A number of sinusoidal (sine) waves of different frequency or
period, amplitude, and phase.
TERM 62
What is equivalent to a sinusoidal component
in a complex quasiperiodic wave?
DEFINITION 62
Harmonics
TERM 63
What are harmonics?
DEFINITION 63
Whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency.
TERM 64
What is the relationship between harmonics
and fundamental frequency?
DEFINITION 64
Lower F0 = MORE HARMONICS = LESS SPACING BETWEEN
HARMONICSHigher F0 = LESS HARMONICS = MORE SPACING
BETWEEN HARMONICS
TERM 65
Who has "richer" or more harmonics: a male
or female?
DEFINITION 65
A male; males usually have lower F0.
At what rate do harmonics "fall
off"?
At 6 dB to 12 dB per octave. 6dB (under 1K Hz) to 12 dB
(above 1 K Hz) per octave.
TERM 67
What is an
octave?
DEFINITION 67
A doubling of frequency.
TERM 68
What is loudness?
DEFINITION 68
The psychological sensation of intensity - NOT EQUIVALENT.
It is measured in phons.
TERM 69
What is pitch?
DEFINITION 69
The psychological sensation of frequency - NOT
EQUIVALENTIt is measured in mels.
TERM 70
Which frequencies is the ear most sensitive
to?
DEFINITION 70
Below 1000 Hz - meaning greater perceived differences
below this frequency.
Complex Quasi-periodic
Many speech sounds - those that have vocal fold vibration as
a source.
TERM 77
What are the different types of acoustic
descriptions?
DEFINITION 77
Complex quasi-periodic
Transient complex aperiodic
Continuous complex aperiodic
OR a combo and 1 and 2 or 1 and 3
TERM 78
What are the different sound sources?
DEFINITION 78
Vocal fold vibration
oral cavity noise
glottal noise (/h/)
TERM 79
What is continuous spectra?
DEFINITION 79
A graph that shows the spectrum of complex aperiodic
sounds. A band of energy over a wide range of frequencies.
TERM 80
What kind of graph is this?
DEFINITION 80
Line spectrum of a sine wave.
What kind of graph is this?
Line spectra of complex periodic/quasi-periodic wave.
TERM 82
What system does this image represent?
DEFINITION 82
Double Helmholtz Resonator
TERM 83
What is a Double Helmholtz Resonator?
DEFINITION 83
A model that helps explain resonance (resonant frequencies)
by representing volume. The double Helmholtz has a
representation of both the pharyngeal cavity and the
oral/suprelarygeal cavity.
TERM 84
What does A represent?
DEFINITION 84
Volume 1 - the pharyngeal cavity (back cavity) -
DETERMINES 1st FORMANT - resonant
frequency Volume = place of constriction
TERM 85
What does B represent?
DEFINITION 85
Constriction - narrowing or widening of the tract/area
What is a spectrogram?
A 3D view - x-axis = time (s)y-axis = frequency (Hz)z-axis
(shades/degree of darkness) = intensity/amplitude
TERM 92
How much times the length of the vocal tract
is the wavelength of R1?
DEFINITION 92
4 times. 4 times VT = Wavelength of R1Only for quarter-
wave resonator
TERM 93
What is a quarter wave resonator?
DEFINITION 93
A.K.A. Acoustic transmission line resonancemodel only
applies to glottal /^/ vocal tract is considered a uniform
tube (no constrictions)**Will resonate at odd number
multiples of the lowest resonant frequency
TERM 94
What will constrictions in the vocal tract
do?
DEFINITION 94
Alter the resonant (formant) frequencies
TERM 95
True or False: The length of the vocal tract will
determine the resonant frequencies
DEFINITION 95
True
What is the claim of Source-Filter theory?
The sound that leaves the mouth is the product of the
laryngeal source and the supralaryngeal vocal tract "filter."
TERM 97
What happens to resonant frequencies when
constriction is increased? (Use Double
Helmholtz Resonator)
DEFINITION 97
When constriction is increased, there is narrowing of the vocal
tract which results in a larger V1 (volume of pharyngeal cavity)
and a smaller V2 (volume of oral cavity). Because of the increase
in V1, the first resonant frequency (R1) will lower, and because of
the decrease in V2, the second resonant frequency will be higher.
THIS MEANS THAT R1 and R2 DIVERGE. R1 and R2 diverge when
you go from a low vowel to a high vowel!
TERM 98
What happens to resonant frequencies when
constriction is decreased? (Use Double
Helmholtz Resonator)
DEFINITION 98
When constriction is decreased, there is widening of the vocal
tract which results in a smaller V1 (volume of pharyngeal cavity)
and a larger V2 (volume of oral cavity). Because of the decrease of
V1 and the increase of V2, the first resonant frequency (R1)will
increase and the second resonant frequency (R2) will decrease.
THIS MEANS THAT R1 and R2 CONVERGE. R1 and R2 converge
when you move from a high vowel to a low vowel.
TERM 99
True or False: R2 can be the same or lower
than R1.
DEFINITION 99
False. R1 is always lower than R2. R2 will always be high
than R1 (think of transfer function graph).
TERM 100
What is resonant frequency?
DEFINITION 100
It is determined by cross-sectional area/positioning, and
basically, it is where air vibrates maximally.
