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Scientific Revolution, Lecture notes of Earth Sciences

Philippine Normal University (PNU)Earth Sciences

This document explains the key takeaways for the scientific, intellectual, and technological revolution

Typology: Lecture notes

2024/2025

Available from 07/14/2025

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Des Courtney Kate Y. Baguinat October 21, 2023
PSY1M1 GE3
MIDTERM EXAMINATION
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
1. What were the key contributions of the Scientific Revolution in the 16th and 17th
centuries, and how did they impact the development of modern science and
technology?
- The Key contributions of the Scientific Revolution in the 16th and 17th
centuries are:
●The heliocentric model proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus
challenged the geocentric view of the universe and established
the Sun as the center of the solar system.
●Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion provided a more
accurate description of how planets move in elliptical orbits
around the Sun.
●Galileo Galilei's observations through the telescope, revealed
phenomena such as sunspots, moons orbiting Jupiter, and
craters on the Moon, supporting the heliocentric model.
●Isaac Newton's formulation of the laws of motion and universal
gravitation explained the motion of objects and the
gravitational attraction between them.
These contributions laid the foundation for modern science and
technology by promoting empirical observation, mathematical
precision, and a shift from religious and philosophical explanations to
naturalistic ones. The Scientific Revolution also challenged
established dogma and led to a more systematic and evidence-based
approach to understanding the world.
2. Explain the contributions of key figures such as Nicolaus Copernicus, Charles
Darwin, Sigmund Freud, Isaac Newton, Galileo Galilei, and Johannes Kepler to
the Scientific Revolution. How did their groundbreaking discoveries pave the
way for a new understanding of the natural world?
- The key figures of the Scientific Revolution made the following
contributions:
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Des Courtney Kate Y. Baguinat October 21, 2023 PSY1M1 GE MIDTERM EXAMINATION ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

  1. What were the key contributions of the Scientific Revolution in the 16th and 17th centuries, and how did they impact the development of modern science and technology? - The Key contributions of the Scientific Revolution in the 16th and 17th centuries are: ● The heliocentric model proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the geocentric view of the universe and established the Sun as the center of the solar system. ● Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion provided a more accurate description of how planets move in elliptical orbits around the Sun. ● Galileo Galilei's observations through the telescope, revealed phenomena such as sunspots, moons orbiting Jupiter, and craters on the Moon, supporting the heliocentric model. ● Isaac Newton's formulation of the laws of motion and universal gravitation explained the motion of objects and the gravitational attraction between them. These contributions laid the foundation for modern science and technology by promoting empirical observation, mathematical precision, and a shift from religious and philosophical explanations to naturalistic ones. The Scientific Revolution also challenged established dogma and led to a more systematic and evidence-based approach to understanding the world.
  2. Explain the contributions of key figures such as Nicolaus Copernicus, Charles Darwin, Sigmund Freud, Isaac Newton, Galileo Galilei, and Johannes Kepler to the Scientific Revolution. How did their groundbreaking discoveries pave the way for a new understanding of the natural world? - The key figures of the Scientific Revolution made the following contributions:

● Nicolaus Copernicus- proposed the heliocentric model, challenging the Earth-centered view of the universe. ● Charles Darwin- theory of evolution by natural selection revolutionized the understanding of the origin and diversity of species. ● Sigmund Freud- psychoanalysis introduced a new approach to understanding the human mind and behavior, emphasizing the role of the unconscious. ● Isaac Newton- laws of motion and universal gravitation provided a unified framework for understanding the physical world. ● Galileo Galilei- telescopic observations supported the heliocentric model and introduced the importance of empirical evidence. ● Johannes Kepler-laws of planetary motion improved the accuracy of astronomical predictions. These groundbreaking discoveries paved the way for a new understanding of the natural world by emphasizing empirical evidence, mathematical precision, and the use of the scientific method. They challenged traditional beliefs and contributed to the development of modern science and technology.

  1. Analyze the role of the Information Age and the digital revolution in shaping contemporary society. How have advancements in computing, telecommunications, and the internet influenced various aspects of human life and culture? - The Information Age and the digital revolution have totally transformed our world. Think about it like this: you can do so much more now thanks to computers and the internet. We buy stuff online, watch movies and videos, talk to people from anywhere in the world, and even work from home. Our whole lives are connected to the digital world. And it's not just about convenience; it's changed how we see the world and ourselves. We're more aware of what's happening globally, and we share our lives on social media. It's like a huge shift in how we live, work, and communicate.
  2. Discuss the significant advancements and discoveries made during the Enlightenment period, and explain how they influenced the intellectual, social, and political landscapes of the time.
  1. Analyze the challenges and opportunities associated with integrating modern technologies in traditional Philippine industries. How can the government promote the adoption of advanced technologies while preserving the country's cultural heritage and traditional practices? - Integrating modern technologies in traditional Philippine industries can present both challenges and opportunities. The challenge lies in preserving the unique cultural heritage and traditional practices of the country. However, it is possible to strike a balance by modernizing processes while respecting traditional methods. The government can promote the adoption of advanced technologies through initiatives that focus on sustainability, training, and ensuring that local communities are actively involved in the process.
  2. Evaluate the impact of scientific research and technological innovation on addressing key societal issues in the Philippines, such as poverty, education, and healthcare. Provide examples of successful initiatives that have positively influenced Philippine society. - Scientific research and technological innovation have had a significant impact on addressing societal issues in the Philippines. For instance, research in agricultural science has led to higher crop yields and more resilient crops, contributing to poverty reduction and food security. In the field of education, e-learning platforms and distance education technologies have made quality education more accessible to remote areas. Healthcare has also benefited from telemedicine and improved diagnostic tools, particularly in rural regions.
  3. Evaluate the contributions of Filipino scientists and researchers to the field of science and technology on a global scale. Highlight the achievements and discoveries that have brought recognition to the Philippines in the international scientific community. - Filipino scientists and researchers have made substantial contributions to various fields. For example, Ramon Barba's work on tissue culture revolutionized mango production. Josefino Comiso's use of satellite imagery for observing Antarctica has furthered our understanding of climate change. These achievements have not only brought recognition to the Philippines but have also advanced scientific knowledge globally.
  1. Assess the importance of promoting STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education in the Philippines. How can investing in STEM education help cultivate a skilled workforce and promote innovation and technological advancement in the country? - Promoting STEM education in the Philippines is of paramount importance. Investing in STEM education helps produce a skilled and innovative workforce, essential for the country's technological advancement. It cultivates critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and creativity. Initiatives such as scholarships, research grants, and the establishment of specialized STEM schools can foster a new generation of scientists, engineers, and innovators.
  2. Assess the importance of sustainable development in the context of the Philippines and its reliance on natural resources. How can advancements in science and technology contribute to sustainable practices and help mitigate environmental challenges in the country? - Sustainable development is crucial for the Philippines, given its reliance on natural resources. Science and technology can contribute to sustainable practices by developing eco-friendly technologies, promoting renewable energy sources, and implementing efficient resource management. Advancements in environmental science and technology can help address challenges like climate change, deforestation, and pollution, thereby ensuring the country's long-term well-being. HUMAN FLOURISHING
  3. Discuss how advancements in medical technology have contributed to enhancing human health and well-being. Provide examples of breakthroughs that have significantly improved the quality of life for individuals worldwide.
  • Advancements in medical technology have greatly contributed to enhancing human health and well-being. Examples of breakthroughs include: ● Vaccinations: Vaccines have prevented numerous deadly diseases, such as polio, measles, and smallpox, improving public health worldwide. ● Medical Imaging: Technologies like MRI, CT scans, and ultrasound have revolutionized diagnosis and treatment,
  • Based on the lesson, a notion of a good life would involve pursuing human flourishing in a holistic sense. It would entail striving for excellence in various dimensions of life, not just in science and technology but also in interpersonal relationships, moral virtue, and wisdom. This concept of a good life suggests that individuals should seek balance, focus on lifelong learning, and contribute to the well- being of their community and the environment. It also emphasizes the importance of sustainable development, recognizing that uncontrolled growth and technological advancements can have negative consequences for the planet and its resources. In essence, a good life involves a harmonious and virtuous existence that contributes to the well-being of oneself and the broader society. WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITY CROSS
  1. Analyze the ethical considerations surrounding the development and use of artificial intelligence (AI) and autonomous systems. How can we ensure that AI technologies are developed and deployed in a manner that prioritizes safety, transparency, and accountability while respecting human rights and dignity?
  • Ethical considerations surrounding the development and use of artificial intelligence (AI) and autonomous systems are of utmost importance. To ensure the responsible development and deployment of AI technologies while respecting human rights and dignity, several key principles can be followed: a. Transparency: Developers and organizations should be transparent about the capabilities, limitations, and intentions of AI systems. They should provide clear information about how AI algorithms work and the data sources used. b. Accountability: Those responsible for AI systems should be held accountable for any harm or unethical decisions made by these systems. This includes establishing legal frameworks for liability. c. Bias and Fairness: Efforts should be made to prevent AI systems from perpetuating biases or discrimination. Fairness audits and regular evaluations of AI systems should be conducted to identify and rectify bias.

d. Privacy: Data privacy is crucial. AI systems should respect individuals' privacy rights and only collect and use data for the intended purpose. Users should have control over their data. e. Human Oversight: Autonomous systems should include mechanisms for human oversight and intervention. Humans should have the final say in critical decisions. f. Ethical Guidelines: The development and deployment of AI should follow ethical guidelines and principles that prioritize human welfare and safety.

  1. Discuss the ethical dilemmas associated with the collection and use of personal data in the digital age. How can we balance the benefits of data-driven technologies with the protection of individual privacy and the prevention of data misuse and exploitation? - The collection and use of personal data in the digital age raise several ethical dilemmas, including: a. Privacy: The digital age has brought about a significant erosion of privacy as individuals' personal data is collected, stored, and analyzed by various entities, often without their knowledge or consent. b. Consent and Control: Individuals may not have full control over their data and how it's used, leading to concerns about informed consent and data ownership. c. Data Security: With the increasing volume of personal data being collected, there are ethical concerns about data breaches and the potential for unauthorized access to sensitive information. d. Profiling and Discrimination: Data-driven technologies can be used to create profiles of individuals, which can lead to discriminatory practices in areas like employment, housing, and lending. e. Surveillance and Government Oversight: Governments and law enforcement agencies have increased surveillance capabilities, raising concerns about civil liberties and government overreach.

to prevent the misuse of these technologies and minimize the risk to global security and human lives, the following steps can be taken: ● International Treaties: Nations can come together to create international treaties that ban or regulate the use of certain technologies in warfare. For example, the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) seeks to address the use of autonomous weapons. ● Ethical Guidelines: International organizations and governments can establish ethical guidelines for the development and use of emerging technologies in warfare. These guidelines should prioritize the protection of civilian populations and adherence to international humanitarian law. ● Accountability and Transparency: Nations using these technologies should be held accountable for their actions. Transparency in the development and use of such technologies is essential. ● Public Awareness and Engagement: Educating the public about the ethical challenges of emerging technologies in warfare can lead to increased awareness and demand for responsible practices. ● Collaboration: Nations and organizations should collaborate on research and development to ensure that emerging technologies are used for peaceful purposes and do not pose undue risks to global security.