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Quantitative Research: Foundations, Concepts, and Ethical Considerations in Nursing, Summaries of Nursing

York University Nursing

This document provides a comprehensive overview of quantitative research in nursing, focusing on its foundational principles, key concepts, and ethical considerations. It explores the positivist paradigm, deductive reasoning, and the role of theory in guiding research. The document emphasizes the importance of ethical research practices, including informed consent, confidentiality, and the role of institutional review boards (IRBs). It delves into the significance of literature reviews in framing research questions and hypotheses, highlighting the interplay between existing knowledge and the development of research studies. The document further examines the relationship between independent and dependent variables, emphasizing the need for clear operational definitions to ensure accurate measurement and minimize bias.

Typology: Summaries

2024/2025

Uploaded on 04/09/2025

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Week 1 objectives

1.

To conduct a course review

2.

To describe the steps of the quantitative research process

3.

To describe the attributed of the foundational positivist paradigm for

quantitative

research

4.

To define key concepts and terms in quantitative research

What

is

Research?

- A systematic process that consists of rigorous, disciplined methods to answer a

question or to solve a problem

What

is

Nursing

Research?

-

A systematic inquiry designed to develop knowledge about issues or importance to

the nursing profession, including nursing practice, education, administration, and

informatics.

Areas

for

Nursing

Research

1. Administration

2. Education

3.

Clinical

Practice

4. Profession

5.

Research

utilization

6.

Intra/Inter/Trans

Disciplinary

Why do I have to take this course?

-

Address

clinical

problems

-

Engage in Evidence Based Practice (EBP)

-

Utilize

resources

efficiently

and

effectively

-

Understand

complex

phenomena

CNO (2018) CNO: 9 standards with 101 competency statements in the competency

framework. These competencies govern our practice, and we are professionally accountable

to the public to practice according to them at the time we enter the profession.

1.

Clinician

2. Professional

3. Communicator

4. Collaborator

5.

.

Coordinator

6. Leader

7. Advocate

8. Educator

Partial preview of the text

Download Quantitative Research: Foundations, Concepts, and Ethical Considerations in Nursing and more Summaries Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

Week 1 objectives

To conduct a course review
To describe the steps of the quantitative research process
To describe the attributed of the foundational positivist paradigm for quantitative research
To define key concepts and terms in quantitative research What is Research?

A systematic process that consists of rigorous, disciplined methods to answer a question or to solve a problem What is Nursing Research?
A systematic inquiry designed to develop knowledge about issues or importance to the nursing profession, including nursing practice, education, administration, and informatics. Areas for Nursing Research

Administration
Education
Clinical Practice
Profession
Research utilization
Intra/Inter/Trans Disciplinary Why do I have to take this course?

Address clinical problems
Engage in Evidence Based Practice (EBP)
Utilize resources efficiently and effectively
Understand complex phenomena CNO (2018) CNO: 9 standards with 101 competency statements in the competency framework. These competencies govern our practice, and we are professionally accountable to the public to practice according to them at the time we enter the profession.

Clinician
Professional
Communicator
Collaborator 5.. Coordinator
Leader
Advocate
Educator

Scholar

Naturalist paradigm (Qualitative methodology/design) Positivist paradigm (Quantitative methodology/design)

Definition of quantitative research “The investigation of phenomena that lend themselves to precise measurement and quantification, often involving a rigorous and controlled design.” The positivist paradigm Reductionistic: breaks down to small parts to understand the whole Systematic approach: understanding through the body’s senses Provides empirical evidence Who is the positivist?

Researcher uses logic and objective approach to knowledge
Originated in 19 th^ century philosophy
Logical positivism= strict positivism Paradigms and Methods
Different paradigms will determine the research methods or procedures
Research methods refers to accepted techniques for data collection and analysis relevant to the research question The positivist’s view Determinism: phenomena (observable facts and events) are not haphazard or random but orderly and predictable
Phenomena occurring in the world have antecedent causes
Looks for cause and effect relationships The positivist research process
Uses strict procedures to plan a study
Follows strict protocol to test ideas
Looks for relationships among phenomena in the study
Beliefs and biases are held in check Quantitative Research Definition “formal, objective, systematic process to describe and test relationships, and to examine cause and effect interactions among variables”. Research Method
Techniques, procedures, processes used by researchers to organize a study in order that it can answer relevantly the research question Quantitative Research

Bias is suspended
Determinism/ cause and effect Quantitative Research Example
Consider a quantitative research question from the clinical problem of pain management in adult patients (18 to 65 years of age) post appendectomy Research question from positivist paradigm.
What is the level of pain, as measured by the visual analogue pain scale q6h, and the frequency of analgesics in adult patients (18 to 65 years of age) post appendectomy who are ordered Tylenol #1 p.o q4h prn as compared to those who receive Tylenol #1 p.o. q4h prn and guided imagery q1h? Each paradigm directs a type of reasoning Two types of reasoning
Inductive
Deductive Deductive Reasoning
Inherent in quantitative research or the positivist paradigm
Analyzing the large group make making predictions about the smaller group The Quantitative Method
Involves precise measurement and quantification
Aims to predict and control
Most closely aligned with the Positivist Paradigm Characteristics of Quantitative Methods
Uses deductive reasoning to define problem and hypothesis
Identify concepts that will be the focus of the study
Determine techniques to be used in the investigation
Conditions of study are controlled to minimize bias
Uses formal instruments to collect data
Usually data gathered is quantitative (numeric) and analyzed using statistical methods
Findings are looked at for degree of generalizability Limitations of Quantitative Methods
Inability to address human dimensions of experience
Moral, ethical and professional questions across the health fields, e.g. euthanasia, abortion

Objective measurements of stress may include BP, heart rate and temperature, but patient pain or fear cannot be accurately measured
Complexities tend to be controlled or ignored so that the object of study is magnified
Obscured insights about the phenomena

Confounding/ Extraneous variables: other variables that may impact independent or dependent. E,g smoking and lung cancer, smoking= the independent variable, cancer= the dependent, family history of cancer= confounding variable.

Dichotomous variables: Variables that can have only 1 of 2 possible values or choices e.g male, female Relationship: “bond or connection between two or more phenomena” Conceptual definition: Comes from theory and literature itself. The abstract or theoretical meanings applied to a concept. Operational definition: The parameters that specify the boundaries of the conceptual definition. “How you are going to do it in your study” Reliability (quantitative): The accuracy of getting the same information at different times or by different people, the consistency of the data. (establishes an inter-radar) Validity (quantitative): The study if measuring the concept (s) it is supposed to. “Am I measuring what I am supposed to be measuring” Bias: An influence that distorts the study’s findings and threatens the study’s validity. Random bias: haphazard influence on the study’s which distorts findings in an inconsistent manner. “randomly pops in, no pattern to it) Systematic bias: A consistent influence throughout the study which distorts the findings consistently throughout the research Research control: The consistent withholding of influences on the study findings other than the phenomenon or variables of interest Generalizability: A quantitative research criterion to determine the extent to which findings can be applied to the target population. “Applicable or can be utilized every time it exists” “Key aspect of quantitative is everything needs to be aligned “ The research process of the process of research

Research is a process
There are procedures and protocols to follow, however in the development of the procedures and protocols there are numerous decisions. The research study if a result of much discussion, many edits and exhaustive literature investigation.

Inductive reasoning: observation at the microlevel of analysis and making predictions for the larger level Deductive reasoning: observation at the larger level of analysis and subsequent predictions at the smaller level of analysis

How does the integration of quantitative research findings inform

and enhance evidence-based decision-making in patient care

practices, and what impact does it have on improving patient

outcomes?

You can demonstrate an understanding of this question by:

• Describing approaches of integrating quantitative research

findings into practice.

• Explaining how quantitative research can improve patient

care outcomes.

• Explaining how measurable data and statistical analysis

relate to quantitative research.

• Explaining the impact of relevance and reliability in relation

to quantitative research findings in shaping nursing

interventions.

Key Terms

• Competency framework

• Deductive reasoning

• Empirical evidence

Step in the Research Process

Step 11: Disseminate the research findings.

Evidence-informed care

What does the quantitative approach in research attempt to eliminate?

Empirical evidence

What type of research uses prediction and control as a study purpose?

Neither qualitative and quantitative studies
- Qualitative
Both qualitative and quantitative studies

Which type of research considers ethics?

Quantitative
- Qualitative
- Neither qualitative and quantitative studies

Which of the following is “five days” most likely an example?

In which situation is fieldwork always undertaken?

Collaborative research

In a study “the effect of family members’ support on readmission rates to an

in-patient substance abuse program” which variable is the dependent

variable?

Both qualitative and quantitative studies
Systematization
Generalizability
Bias and subjectivity
Quantitative
An independent variable
A dependent variable
An operational definition
A datum
Study participants’ homes
Multisite research
Naturalistic settings
In-patient substance abuse program
Family members
Readmission rates to an in-patient substance abuse program

Substance abuse program

Which of the following expresses a relationship?

Which variable needs to be controlled in a quantitative study?

Which of the following is not an aspect to consider in evaluating the strength

of evidence in a qualitative study?

Trustworthiness

What is inductive reasoning?

Reasoning that draws specific conclusions based on general principles

What is deductive reasoning?

Reasoning based on hunches

In a cause-effect relationship, which is the independent variable?

Reasoning that develops general conclusions from specific observations
Reasoning based on hunches
Reasoning based on a combination of authority and tradition
People who smoke have high rates of absenteeism from work than people who do not smoke
Infant mortality among children of low-income women is relatively high
Mechanically ventilated patients with a symptom of dyspnea experience difficulties weaning
High levels of fatigue and depression are experienced by family caretakers of Alzheimer’s patients
An outcome variable
A dependent variable
An independent variable
An extraneous variable
Credibility
Transferability
Reliability
Reasoning based on a combination of authority and tradition
Reasoning that develops general conclusions based on specific observations
Reasoning draws specific conclusions based on general principles

Where do researchers get their ideas? Click to compare your answer. Why is research important to nursing practice? Click to compare your answer. What are the six main purposes of nursing research? Click to compare your answer. What are the two major research paradigms? Click to compare your answer.

Clinical practice
Nursing literature
Social issues
Theories
External sources Can you suggest some ideas for research from your practice, readings, or world experiences? Click to compare your answer. No suggestions, instead share your suggestions during the seminar session.
It improves patient care.
It extends the body of nursing knowledge.
It contributes to theory development.
It corresponds to national research priorities.

Identification
Description
Exploration
Explanation
Prediction
Control What are the two types of nursing and the main purpose of each? Click to compare your answer. Basic: Increasing the knowledge base. Applied: Finding solutions to problems.
The naturalist paradigm
The positivist paradigm What is a paradigm? Click to compare your answer. A paradigm is a way of looking at the world from different angles and perspectives. How you come to understand that which is “true” about the world is a world “view,” or a philosophical approach. Your “view” frames your approach.

What are the two major research paradigms? Click to compare your answer.

The naturalist paradigm
The positivist paradigm Define quantitative research in the context of the positivist paradigm. Click to compare your answer. “The investigation of phenomena that lend themselves to precise measurement and quantification, often involving a rigorous and controlled design.” (Woo, 2019.p. 423) The positivist paradigm is reductionist in nature. What does reductionism mean in this context? Click to compare your answer. Reductionist breaks something (phenomena) down to small parts to understand the whole. The positivist paradigm is also systematic in nature. What does reductionism mean in this context? Click to compare your answer. Systematic approach: Understanding through the body’s senses, it provides empirical evidence. The researcher who espouses a positivist perspective is called a positivist. How would you describe the attributes of a positivist? Click to compare your answer. The positivist researcher uses a logical and objective approach to knowledge. The positivist’s research methods are grounded in determinism. Provide a definition. Click to compare your answer. “Determinism states that phenomena are not haphazard or random but rather have antecedent causes; an assumption in the positivist paradigm.” (Woo, 2019, p. 410) Identify seven key attributes of the positivist quantitative research process. Click to compare your answer. Ontological The nature of reality. Epistemological

Traditional scientific approach
An objective reality
Deductive reasoning
Bias is suspended
Determinism /cause and effect
Uses strict procedures to plan a study
Follows strict protocol to test ideas