P+T PA20320 EXAM LATEST UPDATE
Mycobacterium tuberculosis - ANSWER - Acid fast (rich lipid cell wall, mycolicacid
hydrophobic and resistant to drying)
- rifampicin (inhibit mRNA), isoniazid (synthesis of mycolicacid targeted), pyrazinamide,
ethambutol (inhibit cell wall formation)
- virulence factors - survive outside host + low n. needed to infect
- multiply inside macrophage. Few in granulomas, uncontrolled lysis
- productive cough >3 weeks, weight loss, cough up blood
- BCG live attenuated vaccine
- HARD TO TREAT unique cell wall, intracellular, long treatment
Nicotinic receptors at autonomic ganglion - ANSWER Ligand gated ion channel
generate fast excitatory post synaptic potential
What else on autonomic ganglion? - ANSWER Nicotinic receptors
M1
M2
Neurokinin
Parasympathetic vs sympathetic in bronchi - ANSWER sympathetic B2 dilate WE WANT
TO ENHANCE
Parasympathetic M3 constriction WE WANT TO STOP
Excitatory -bronchoconstriction eNaNC, M3
Inhibitory - bronchodilator M2, iNaNc, adrenaline
mechanisms of asthma - ANSWER 1. increase muscle contractility (smooth muscle
hyperplasia)
1. increase excitatory nerve activity bronchoconstrictor
1. decrease bronchodilator activity
Explain PDE Inhibitor - ANSWER AC turns atp into cAMP, activates PKA,Inactivates
MLCK
PDE inhibitor stops cAMP breakdown
Asthma inflammation - ANSWER epithelial damage, exposure of sensory nerves
