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PSY 3011 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND COMPLETE
ANSWERS
1.Skinner has argued against the use of intervening variables in psychological theories Select one: a. because they make the theories more complex b. two of the others are correct c. none of the others are correct d. because he believed that the causes of many behaviors can be found in the environment, not inside the individual - answer A 2.A psychologist develops a theory that failure produces frustration, and frustration frequently leads to aggressive behavior. In this theory, frustration is Select one: a. a dependent variable b. a confounding variable c. an independent variable d. an intervening variable - answer d. an intervening variable 3.Studies with rats raised in enriched environments have shown that their brains Select one: a. have more branching of dendrites b. are heavier c. all of the others are correct d. have larger synapses - answer C 4.Ebbinghaus's results suggest that continuing to recite a poem after you have learned it
perfectly Select one: a. will interfere with your ability to learn other poems b. will improve your ability to remember it later c. will harm your ability to remember it later d. will have no effect on your ability to remember it later - answer B 5.Ebbinghaus's results suggest that studying a large number of names and dates immediately before an exam Select one: a. is a good strategy b. will help only if this information has also been studied at some earlier time c. is a poor strategy d. will neither help nor hurt - answer B is incorrect A
- A reaction chain Select one: a. none of the others are correct b. consists of an alternating sequence of stimuli and responses c. is innate d. two of the others are correct - answer D 7According to opponent-process theory, opiate addiction is so difficult to end because Select one: a. the a-process is strengthened with repeated opiate use b. none of the others are correct
- If a novel stimulus is presented shortly before the occurrence of a CS that has just undergone extinction, the CR is likely to reappear. This phenomenon is known as Select one: a. external inhibition b. disinhibition c. summation d. spontaneous recovery - answer B In the classical-conditioning treatment of nocturnal enuresis, the sound of the buzzer or alarm is Select one: a. the CR b. the US c. the UR d. the CS - answer B If a person develops a taste aversion to shellfish because she got ill after eating some. If she also shows an aversion to other seafood, this is Select one: a. generalization b. discrimination c. conditioned inhibition d. spontaneous recovery - answer B is inccorect Correct: A: Generalization
- The phenomenon of disinhibition provides one type of evidence that Select one: a. the temporal relationship between CS and US is important
b. the intensity of the US affects the rate of conditioning c. extinction does not result in the complete elimination of a conditioned response d. conditioned responses often generalize to similar stimuli - answer B is incorrect Correct: C. Of the following, which is usually not involved when systematic desensitization is used to treat a phobia? Select one: a. fear hierarchy b. progressive relaxation c. imagination d. an emetic - answer D One feature of taste-aversion learning that is not found in any other type of learning is Select one: a. two of the others are correct b. learning with delays of several hours c. very slow extinction d. none of the others are correct - answer B Animals have developed taste aversions with delays between ingestion and illness as long as Select one: a. 8 hours
c. shock with illness d. tastes with illness - answer D Which of the following is not part of the three-term contingency? Select one: a. reinforcer b. discriminative stimulus c. operant response d. conditioned stimulus - answer D Skinner's explanation of his superstition experiment made use of the concept of Select one: a. accidental reinforcement b. interim behaviors c. none of the others are correct d. terminal behaviors - answer Correct: A. Accidental A modern term for the law of effect is Select one: a. generalization b. classical conditioning c. reinforcement d. evolution - answer c
Thorndike's explanation of the learning that took place in his puzzle box involved all of the following except Select one: a. the animal's satisfaction b. the law of effect c. a strengthening of S-R connections d. the animal's knowledge - answer d In a response chain, the weakest response is usually Select one: a. the first response the individual learns b. the response at the beginning of the chain c. the last response the individual learns d. the response at the end of the chain - answer b Performance on a reinforcement schedule can be greatly affected by Select one: a. the quality of reinforcement b. all of the others are correct c. the amount of effort required to make the response d. the rate of reinforcement Save my answers - answer b To help an autistic child learn to say the word ball, the therapist might use his hand to
An accelerating pattern of responding is most typical of behavior on a Select one: a. variable-ratio schedule b. fixed-interval schedule c. variable-interval schedule d. fixed-ratio schedule - answer b Learned helplessness has been observed in Select one: a. cockroaches b. the spinal cord c. all of the others are correct d. dogs - answer c To treat a woman in a psychiatric hospital who hoarded towels, the nurses gave the woman a large number of towels. This is an example of Select one: a. extinction b. overcorrection c. response prevention d. stimulus satiation - answer d According to two-factor theory, the procedure of response blocking or flooding Select one:
a. works because flooding produces a drastic stimulus change b. should not work c. works because the subject's expectations about the consequences of failing to respond are changed d. works because the fear-eliciting properties of the CS are extinguished - answer a is incorrect D? According to two-factor theory, in a shuttle-box shock-avoidance procedure, an avoidance response is reinforced by Select one: a. the termination of the CS b. the termination of the shock c. the omission of the CS d. the omission of the shock - answer b is incorrect A To obtain the maximum reduction in a behavior, the most effective schedule of punishment is Select one: a. variable-ratio punishment b. continuous punishment c. fixed-ratio punishment d. fixed-interval punishment - answer b
that Select one: a. some patients cannot learn to relax their forehead muscles with the EMG equipment b. the EMG biofeedback produced only temporary improvement c. patients can only relax their forehead muscles when connected to the biofeedback equipment d. none of the others are correct - answer d When all behaviors can occur freely, a child spends 30 minutes playing with blocks, 15 minutes playing with crayons, and 5 minutes playing with a truck. Premack's principle predicts that Select one: a. none of the others are correct b. two of the others are correct c. playing with crayons will reinforce playing with the truck d. playing with blocks will reinforce playing with crayons - answer b Taking into account all the different results, the most accurate position about the absolute and relational theories of stimulus control is Select one: a. the relative theory is definitely the correct one b. animals are definitely not capable of making relational judgments c. animals are definitely capable of making relational judgments d. the absolute theory is definitely the correct one - answer c
The phenomenon of peak shift is sometimes observed in Select one: a. two of the others are correct b. none of the others are correct c. successive discrimination tasks d. simultaneous discrimination tasks - answer C The phenomenon of peak shift, the most rapid responding is shifted Select one: a. away from the S- b. away from the more intense stimulus c. toward the S- d. toward the more intense stimulus - answer a If a woman's insomnia is due to poor stimulus control, she should Select one: a. all of the others are correct b. lie in bed and read or engage in some other behavior that takes her mind off her problems c. always remain in bed until she falls asleep, no matter how long it takes d. not get into bed until she is sleepy - answer d Rosch concluded from her experiments that natural categories Select one:
If learning of new information makes it more difficult to remember older information, this is Select one: a. prospective coding b. retroactive interference c. proactive interference d. retrospective coding - answer c is incorrect Correct: B retroactive The chimpanzee Washoe, who was taught American Sign Language by the Gardners, failed to Select one: a. learn more than about 20 signs b. use the signs spontaneously, to initiate a conversation c. use a consistent word order, or grammar d. learn signs for verbs - answer B Studies have shown that cats and dogs can solve problems involving Select one: a. two of the others are correct b. object permanence
c. analogies d. none of the others are correct - answer b Which of the following is not necessary for imitation to occur, according to Bandura's theory? Select one: a. retention of the information gained through observation b. all of the above are necessary, according to Bandura. c. attention to the appropriate features of the model's behavior d. practice of the observed behaviors - answer d In his research on the achievement motivation of different countries, McClelland found a positive correlation between Select one: a. achievement motives in children's stories and current economic growth b. none of the others are correct c. achievement motives in children's stories and economic growth over the next 25 years d. achievement motives in children's stories and economic growth over the past 25 years - answer c Various research findings suggest that parents who use physical punishment produce children who are more aggressive. Probably the best explanation of these findings is that
A characteristic of a motor program is that it Select one: a. involves a sequence of responses b. all of the others are correct c. is innate d. makes use of sensory feedback to guide the successive movements - answer b is incorrect Correct is A: involves a sequence of responses If a golf instructor tells a student to slow down his backswing, this is an example of Select one: a. irrelevant KR b. qualitative KR c. quantitative KR d. knowledge of performance (KP) - answer b is incorrect D? To improve a variable skill such as shooting a basketball from different places on the court, the data suggest that the best way to practice is Select one: a. shoot from many different locations, but shoot a group of shots from one location before switching to another location b. shoot from many different locations, and change locations after every practice shot c. shoot all practice shots from a small number of different locations d. shoot all practice shots from one location, such as the foul line - answer a is incorrect
Correct is B: shoot from many different locations, and change locations after every practice shot Negative transfer is most likely to be observed when two motor tasks involve Select one: a. different responses to similar stimuli b. similar responses to similar stimuli c. two of the others are correct d. different responses to different stimuli - answer a Research on knowledge of performance (KP) has shown that in learning a complex motor skill, the best feedback Select one: a. is simply telling the learner "right" or "wrong" b. is no feedback at all c. is giving a quantitative estimate of the error d. often involves giving the subject detailed information on exactly which movements were good and which were not - answer d The tragedy of the commons can be averted by Select one: a. encouraging individuals to consider the long-term consequences of their actions for the community as a whole b. all of the others are correct c. setting legal limits on how much the community's resources can be used
