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PSY 3011 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
prototype theories - answer experience develops an idea of what an ideal or typical bird is like feature theories - answer a person judges whether a given instance is a member of a category by checking for specifics stimulus equivalence - answer subjects learn to respond to all stimuli in a category as if they are interchangeable, even though they have been taught only a few relations between stimuli, not all possible relations narrowing - answer the opportunities to engage in an undesirable activity are restricted relational theory of stimulus control - answer the animal has learned something about the relationship between the stimuli (ex: learned that the lighter gray is associated with food) false (relational theory) - answer An early advocate of the absolute theory of stimulus control was the German psychologist Wolfgang Kohler. false - answer Phenomena such as peak shift and transposition show that it is possible to predict how one stimulus will affect an individual's behavior without taking into account other stimuli. false (pigeons can respond to two-dimensional images as representations of three- dimensional objects) - answer The research on discriminating between painters provides evidence that pigeons can respond to two dimensional images but not when they are representations of three dimensional objects. true - answer Variations of Terrace's techniques have been used in educational settings. false (they can get faster at solving) - answer If animals are given many discrimination tasks, one after another, each of which has a different pair of stimuli as S+ and S-, they can get slower at solving each new problem. false (a fading procedure is used to make it unlikely that the learner will respond to the S-)
- answer The errorless discrimination procedure differs from the traditional procedure in that a fading procedure is used to make it certain that the learner will respond to the S-.
false (birds did not have prior experience with different colors) - answer Rudolph, Honig, and Gerry contradicted Lashley and Wade, because they found normal generalization gradients with birds that had extensive prior experience with different colors. false - answer There has been surprisingly little debate about which theory of concept learning is best. false - answer Research on concept learning has explored how both animals and people learn to make simple discriminations. several different causes; no - answer Williams concluded that there are ____ of behavioral contrast and that ____ single theory can account for all of the data. not get into bed until she is sleepy - answer If a woman's insomnia is due to poor stimulus control, she should a. an inhibitory generalization gradient develops around the S- and b. an excitatory generalization gradient develops around the S+ - answer Spence's theory of stimulus control states that during discrimination training absolute theory - answer C. Lloyd Morgan favored the ____ of stimulus control because he believed that nonhumans are simply not capable of understanding relationships such as lighter, darker, larger, or redder. stimulus equivalence - answer In a ____ situation, subjects learn to respond to all stimuli in a category as if they are interchangeable, even though they have been taught only a few relations between stimuli, not all possible relations. an automatic by-product of - answer Pavlov maintained that generalization is ____ the conditioning process. it differs from the traditional procedure in that a fading procedure is used to make it unlikely that the learner will respond to the S-. - answer errorless discrimination procedure differs how? away from S- - answer The phenomenon of peak shift, the most rapid responding is shifted working memory - answer information in working memory is used to guide whatever tasks the individual is currently performing
true - answer Wagner, Rudy, and Whitlow showed that surprising posttrial episodes (PTEs) are more distracting and interfere more with learning than expected PTEs. false - answer Typical accuracy functions shown in the research by Grant depict a fixed or immutable time course of working memory for pigeons and monkeys. false (results very similar) - answer Many of the techniques used to study animals' counting abilities are similar to those used to study timing, but the results are very different. true - answer Besides their different durations, probably the biggest distinction between short- and long-term memory is their different storage capacities. true - answer Directed forgetting is used to study maintenance rehearsal in animals and when used with human participants, researchers present items such as pictures or words and ask the person either to remember or to forget them. false (better if you are in the same context) - answer The context-shift effect refers to the fact that recall of information will be better if you are tested in a context new from that in which the learning occurred. false - answer Premack's chimp Sarah learned only that the order of symbols was important but not that this same order could be applied to other symbols as wellโthus failing to learn an abstract, grammatical rule. true - answer Premack's chimp Sarah seldom initiated a conversation and her use of the symbol language was almost exclusively confined to answering experimenters' questions when they were present.
false (25%) - answer Experiments using peak procedure with both rats and pigeons have shown that they can discriminate between two stimuli only if their durations differ by at least 75%. true - answer Both proactive and retroactive interference have been observed in studies of animal long-term memory. false - answer Clayton, Yu, & Dickinson's experiments showed that birds remembered only where food was stored, but not what type of food was stored at each location, whether it was perishable or not, and how long ago it was stored. false (70%) - answer In Vaughan and Greene's positive/negative pictures experiment, when tested after a 2-year delay, the pigeons responded only at the chance level of 50%. true - answer Premack's chimp Sarah demonstrated that her responses were controlled by the order of the symbols, not just by the symbols themselves. true - answer Any sort of surprising or unexpected stimulus presented during the delay interval is likely to impair performance on the matching task. true - answer Researchers who study animal memory have also found it important to distinguish between long-term and short-term memory. a. prospective coding - answer Keeping track of what responses or tasks you need to make next is an example object permanence - answer Studies have shown that cats and dogs can solve problems involving
c. use a consistent word order, or grammar - answer The chimpanzee Washoe, who was taught American Sign Language by the Gardners, failed to DMTS, long-term - answer By using delays of different durations in the ____ procedure, we can measure how long information about the sample is retained in ____ memory. d. have no clear order to their choices of arms, yet seldom revisit the same arm twice - answer In a radial-arm maze, rats typically false - answer a. Retroactive interference occurs if a series of trials are presented in rapid succession, because the memory of the preceding trials can interfere with performance on later trials. false - answer d. Neither proactive nor retroactive interference has been found with animals in DMTS. true - answer b. Any sort of surprising or unexpected stimulus presented during the delay interval is likely to impair performance on the matching task. longitudinal study - answer the relevant variables are measured at different points in time field experiments - answer in which the TV viewing and the measurement of aggressive behaviors occur in more realistic settings graduated modeling - answer method of progressing from simple to more demanding behaviors
behavior skills training - answer modeling is used as a part of a larger program that may include verbal instruction, prompting, guided practice, and feedback participant modeling - answer the model first performs a behavior related to the phobia and then the patient imitates the behavior of the model false (video is edited so there is no errors and parts where the teacher corrects/guides patient is taken out) - answer The goal of video self-modeling is to increase the performance of desired behaviors by having clients watch themselves making errors so they can correct them. false (Bandura's theory) - answer the theory of generalized imitation uses concepts such as attention, retention, and expectation of reward true - answer Rosenthal and Zimmerman showed that a child's mastery of the conservation task can be enhanced by observational learning. true - answer Bandura and Walters pointed out that the apparent paradox of children punished for aggressive behavior becoming more aggressive is resolved when we realize that parents who use physical punishment with their children are providing their children with aggressive models. false (likely) - answer mirror neurons are unlikely to be important for normal social interactions and communication true - answer Research results from Lefkowitz, Huesmann, and others are consistent with the view that when they discipline their children, parents are serving as models as well as controlling agents.
imitation to occur except in television soap operas - answer Your textbook describes research on observational learning that has shown an increase in actual suicides after suicides are seen achievement motives in children's stories and economic growth over the NEXT 25 years - answer In his research on the achievement motivation of different countries, McClelland found a positive correlation between Bandura and Walters - answer Who argued early on that traditional learning theory was grossly incomplete because it neglected the role of observational learning and that a good deal of learning occurs through vicarious rather than personal experience. both animals and people - answer Evidence for observational learning of phobias has been found social facilitation - answer A cat observes another cat escape from a puzzle box by pulling a string. When the observer cat is placed in the puzzle box for the first time, this cat quickly pulls the string and escapes. This behavior should be classified as an instance of knowledge of performance (KP) - answer information about the sequence of components of a complex movement motor programs - answer The strongest line of attack against the response chain approach to movement sequencing is based on evidence for the existence of these dynamic pattern theory - answer Proponents of this do not believe that the ability of people to perform rapid and adaptable sequences of movements necessarily means that
the movements are controlled by a generalized motor program ironic errors - answer states that people have a tendency to make a false movement that they are trying hard to avoid slow positioning tasks - answer the participant must move a sliding knob or pointer a certain distance, with no time limit false - answer Kernodle and Carlton's experiment showed that the group that received KP plus instructions on how to improve, showed less improvement than KP only false - answer for learning motor skills, observational learning is not beneficial, even if combined with direct practice false - answer the most important contribution of Adams's theory is that it shows there is no difference between the two types of learning that take place during the acquisition of most motor skills: learning to recognize what it feels like to make an accurate response and learning to produce such a response consistently true - answer the benefits of observing someone else demonstrate a new motor skill may be primarily related to the perceptual components of the task whereas direct practice may be necessary to develop the motor components of the task false (very important) - answer dynamic pattern theory says that feedback from the body and the environment during a movement sequence is less important than cognitive schemas true - answer it has proven to be quite difficult to find experimental evidence for negative
observed when two motor tasks involve b. giving feedback on every trial will impair long-term performance - answer According to the guidance hypothesis of motor learning, a. some movement sequences can continue when sensory feedback has been removed & d. errors of anticipation suggest that the individual is planning ahead - answer Some evidence for the existence of motor programs is that a. further improvements in performance - answer According to Adams's two-stage theory of motor learning, if knowledge of results (KR) is withdrawn late in training, one should observe d. take longer to begin the longer sequence - answer If one task involves making two consecutive movements and another involves making four consecutive movements, research suggests that a person will flat - answer Lashley and Wade proposed that generalization gradients were the result of experience, and without discrimination training, animals would show___________generalization gradients. intradimensional - answer In________training, one stimulus serves as a S+ and another stimulus on the same dimension serves as S-. away from - answer In the phenomenon of peak shift, the peak of the generalization shifts from the S+ in the direction___________the S-. relational - answer Results from the intermediate-size problem favor the________theory of
stimulus control. increase, positive - answer Suppose an animal first receives reinforcers for responding in the presence of either blue or yellow stimuli, but then the schedule for the yellow stimulus switches to extinction. We would expect responding in the presence of the blue stimulus to ________, which is called ________behavioral contrast. errorless discrimination learning - answer In________, the S- is introduced early in training, and it is presented in a way that makes it unlikely that the learner will respond to it. central, peripheral - answer A robin would be called a________example of a bird, whereas an ostrich would be called a________example. examples never seen before - answer To provide convincing evidence that an animal has learned a natural concept such as fish, it is essential to include________as test stimuli. stimulus equivalence - answer Treating all the examples in a category as being interchangeable, even the examples that were placed in the category at random, is called________. behaviors other than studying - answer In some cases, a person may have difficulty studying in a particular location because that location is associated with________. maintenance rehearsal - answer keep information active in short-term memory associative rehearsal - answer promote transfer of information into long-term memory
object permanence - answer ________________ is the understanding that objects continue to exist when they are not visible. social faciliation - answer behavior of one animal prompts similar behaviors from another animal, but the behavior is one that is already in the repertoire of the imitator stimulus enhancement - answer behavior of model directs attention of the learner to a particular stimulus or place in the environment true immitation - answer occurs when animal imitates a behavior that it has never performed before & when it is an unusual behavior pattern for that species, which would not have been learned if the animal did not observe another animal performing the behavior 4 factors of Bandura's theory - answer (1) Attentional Processes
- Learner must pay attention to certain features of model for imitation to occur (2) Retentional Processes
- Importance of rehearsal, individual must retain some info that is gained through observation if imitation is to occur at a later time (3) Motor Reproductive Processes -Learner must be able to translate general knowledge into a coordinated pattern of muscle movements -Ex: juggling three balls
(4) Incentive and Motivational Processes -Individual must have an expectation that the performance of this new behavior will produce some type of reinforcement facial expressions - answer Some experiments have found evidence that newborn infants can imitate the______________of adults. social faciliation - answer The behavior of one animal prompts another animal to perform the same behavior, but the behavior is one that the second animal has performed before; this is called _____ generalized - answer According to the theory that imitation is a______________operant response, individuals will imitate the behavior of others if they have been reinforced for imitation in similar situations in the past. motor reproductive & incentive and motivational - answer Besides attentional and retentional processes, Bandura's theory states that ______________processes and ______________ processes are necessary for successful imitation. reinforced, punished - answer In Bandura's research, young children were more likely to imitate the aggressive behaviors of an adult if the adult's behaviors were______________than if the adult's behaviors were______________. model can influence observers behavior in 3 main ways - answer 1) models behavior can facilitate responses the observer already knows how to perform (2) an observer may learn how to produce totally new behaviors
right or wrong, and โโโ is telling a person how far off target the movement was. knowledge of performace (KP) - answer Giving a person tips on specific parts of a movement that need improvement is called โโโ distributed, massed - answer โโโ practice often leads to faster learning of a new motor skill than does โโโ practice, but the difference tends to disappear during later performance. ironic errors - answer Making a movement you are specifically trying to avoid is called a(n). โโโ verbal-motor, motor - answer According to Adams's theory, in the โโโ stage, a person needs external feedback in order to improve a motor skill, but not in the โโโ stage. motor schema - answer In Schmidt's theory, when a person learns how different movements produce different results, this is called a โโโ Adam's Two-stage, Schmidt's schema - answer โโโ theory deals with movements that are the same every time, whereas โโโ theory deals with movements that must be varied for each new situation. response chain approach - answer According to the โโโ, feedback from one movement in a sequence serves as stimulus for the next movement in the sequence. motor program - answer In a โโโ, feedback from each movement is not necessary for a person to produce a coordinated sequence of movements.
contextual interference - answer refers to any feature of learning situation that make performing the task more difficult
- high ____ during acquisition leads to better long-term performance -should be higher during random practice than blocked practice as the movements needed for a successful performance are constantly changing with each practice trial
