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Score for this quiz: 5 out of 5 Total Questions: 33Question 2 1 / 1 pts Describe the meninges and their function. Your Answer: the meninges are connective tissue sheets that are surround the brain and the spinal cord. the Pia mater is the innermost layer of the most meninges. it is thin and delicate and contains surface level blood vessel that perfuse the brain and the spinal cord, the second layer of the meninges is the arachnid layer. it encases the entire CNS and it delicate nonvascular and waterproof. cerebrospinal fluid circulate in Andrea just below the arachnoid layer called the subarachnoid space. the third layer of the meninges is know as the dura mater.
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List the 2 major divisions of the nervous system and the structures found in each. Your Answer: CNS which contains the brain and the spinal cord peripheral nervous system which contains spinal nerves, cranial nerves and ganglia that are the outside of the peripheral nervous.
Total Questions: 33
Describe the meninges and their function. Your Answer: the meninges are connective tissue sheets that are surround the brain and the spinal cord. the Pia mater is the innermost layer of the most meninges. it is thin and delicate and contains surface level blood vessel that perfuse the brain and the spinal cord, the second layer of the meninges is the arachnid layer. it encases the entire CNS and it delicate nonvascular and waterproof. cerebrospinal fluid circulate in Andrea just below the arachnoid layer called the subarachnoid space. the third layer of the meninges is know as the dura mater. the dura mater is the a strong continues connective tissue sheath that provides the brain and the spinal cord with most of its protection. The 2 divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS) containing the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) containing spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and ganglia that are outside of the PNS.
Be familiar with the cranial nerves and their general function. Refer to Table 6. What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons? Your Answer: Afferent neurons carry signal sensory information from the periphery to the spinal cord and brain while efferent neurons carry motor output from the brain and the spinal cord to periphery
CSF serves as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord protecting them from outside physical force. It maintains a constant ionic environment that allows for the diffusion of essential nutrients, electrolytes, and metabolic waste products into the extracellular fluid surrounding the CNS neurons. A thin layer of neuroglial cells, collectively known as the ependyma , line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. Specialized ependymal
and produce CSF.
Be familiar with each division of the nervous system and their function. Refer to Figure 6. CNS: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and the ependymal cells. PNS: satellite cells and Schwann cells Your Answer: CNS - Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and the ependymal cells PNS- satellite, cells, and Schwann cells List the neuroglial cells of the CNS and PNS.
Afferent neurons carry sensory information from the periphery to the spinal cord and brain while efferent neurons carry motor output from the brain and spinal cord to the periphery.
Describe 3 ways in which neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft. Your Answer: A neurotransmitter can be broken down by enzymatic activity into inactivity substance. A neurotransmitters can be down back into the presynaptic neuron by a process know a as reuptake A neurotransmitter can be diffuse into the intercellular fluid until its concentration is too low to elicit a postsynaptic response.
Phase 1: Resting Potential : During the resting phase, both sodium and potassium gates are closed. Phase 2: Depolarization : The sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the axon during the depolarization phase of the action potential. Voltage travels to zero and then up to +40 mV. Phase 3: Repolarization : The sodium gates close, and potassium gates open allowing potassium to rush out of the
Phase 4: After-polarization, also called hyperpolarization. Potassium gates are slow to close, and there is an undershoot of the potential. The voltage drops below - 70mV and then returns to - 70mV as the resting state is re-established.
Beta waves
beta waves What type of EEG wave is associated with REM sleep?
Alpha waves are characteristic of which stage of sleep? Your Answer:
A neurotransmitter can be broken down by enzymatic activity into inactive substances. A neurotransmitter can be drawn back into the presynaptic neuron by a process known as reuptake****. A neurotransmitter can diffuse into the intercellular fluid until its concentration is too low to elicit a postsynaptic response.
rem sleep accounts for 20-25%of total sleep it is characterized by rapid eye movement , decrease muscular tone and cream. during this phase of sleep, incoming sensory input is blocked, the brain simply cannot process it. however, internalized sensory tracts are stimulated allowing previously formed memories to replay in ones mind. in contrast to NERM sleep, vital sings such as heart rate blood pressure and respiratory increase, and the brain activity is high. studies have shown that adequate time spent in REM sleeps necessary for normal physiology and psychologic function during periods of wakefulness. REM deprivation has been associated with anxiety, decrease concentration, and behavior changes. breathing pattern changes with stages of sleep. in stage 1 and 2 NERM sleep as well as in REM sleep, breathing is irregular ,and brief periods of apnea often observe around 5-15 seconds. during stages 3 and 4 of deep sleep, breathing become regular. dreams and their purpose are not fully understood. studies have suggested that dreams play a vital role in memory processing as well as learning. while dreams occur in all stages of sleep, most of the dreams occur in stage 1 and 2, when one is first falling asleep, and in REM sleep. Dreams that occur in REM sleep tend to be emotionally driven and carry associations with ones life. Nightmares typically occur in the deeper of stage 3 and 4 During NREM sleep, muscle tone is moderate; vital signs and brain activity are decreased. During REM sleep, muscle tone decreases; vital signs and brain activity increase.
Late or Severe Alzheimer’s Your Answer: sever Alzheimer's A patient with a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease has no awareness of their surroundings and is completely dependent for all ADLs. What stage of Alzheimer’s disease are they in?
A patient with diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease is able to function independently at home, but their family reports that they have trouble planning and executing everyday tasks that used to come easy to them e.g. paying their bills. What stage of Alzheimer’s disease are they in? Your Answer: Mild Alzheimer's Early or Mild Alzheimer’s
Aura is a sensation or movement that feels different or “off,” and is often described as a warning sign that a seizure is about to occur. Your Answer: Aura is a sensation or movement that feels different or off and is often describe as warning sign that a seizure is about to occur Describe the phenomenon of aura.
Give 2 reasons why it is important for someone with a seizure disorder to regularly see their care team (Neurologist and PCP.)
focal seizures affect one specific part of the brain in one hemisphere. generalize seizures affect both hemispheres of the brain Focal seizures affect one specific part of the brain in 1 hemisphere. Generalized seizures affect both hemispheres of the brain.
Dopamine Your Answer: dopamine Parkinson’s disease is characterized by a loss of which neurotransmitter?
Your Answer: it is important for the PT with seizure disorder to see regularly his/her neurologist doctor to make sure their medication, and their disorder are control so their no other underlying conditions can interfere with their seizure meds. To make sure their current medication is managing their
conditions that would require pharmacologic intervention that could interfere with their seizure medication.
What are the 2 types of strokes? Describe the difference between them. Your Answer: 1 - ischemic stroke - a disruption in blood flow to brain because a vessel is blocked 2 - hemorrhoid spoke a dilution in blood flow to brain because blood vessel is ruptured Ischemic strokes are a disruption in blood flow to the brain as a result of a blocked blood vessel. Hemorrhagic strokes are a disruption in blood flow to the brain as a result of a ruptured blood vessel. Be familiar with risk factors for CVA/stroke Refer to Table 6.
What is a TIA and why are they important?
Control bleeding and decrease pressure on the brain tissue Your Answer: controlling bleeding and decreasing pressure on the brain tissue What are the goals of acute treatment of a hemorrhagic stroke?
List 2 factors that could contribute to depression. Your Answer: inherited/familiar link chemical imbalance
tPA drugs are used to treat ischemic strokes and must be administered within 3-4.5 hours after the onset of stroke symptoms.
Depression with catatonic features Your Answer: depression with catatonic features A “nervous tick” is associated with what specific type of depression?
Hypersomnia is associated with what specific type of depression? Your Answer: atypical depression
Any of the following are correct answer: Inherited/familiar link Chemical imbalance Hormonal imbalance/change Stress/Trauma leading to an altered HPA axis
