POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES~ SHORT NOTES
(LUCKNOW UNIVERSITY LNU005)
Political ideologies are belief systems and sets of ideas that shape how societies should be organized
and governed. They provide frameworks for understanding political, economic, and social issues and
often influence the policies and practices of governments. Here, we will delve into three prominent
political ideologies: liberalism, communism, and socialism.
1. Liberalism:
Liberalism is one of the most influential political ideologies, emphasizing individual liberty, equality, and
limited government intervention. Its origins can be traced back to the Enlightenment era in Europe
during the 17th and 18th centuries. Key principles of liberalism include:
a. Individual rights: Liberalism places a strong emphasis on protecting the fundamental rights and
freedoms of individuals, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the right to own property. These rights
are seen as inherent to human beings and should be protected by the government.
b. Limited government: Liberals believe that governments should have restricted powers and should
only intervene in the economy and society when necessary to protect individual rights or address
market failures. The state's role should primarily be to safeguard law and order and maintain the rule of
law.
c. Free markets: Liberalism supports the idea of a free-market economic system where individuals and
businesses can freely exchange goods and services without excessive government interference. This is
believed to lead to greater economic prosperity and efficiency.
d. Equality of opportunity: Liberals aim to ensure that all individuals have equal access to opportunities
to succeed, regardless of their background or circumstances. This involves promoting education, social
mobility, and meritocracy.
e. Social tolerance: Liberalism emphasizes social tolerance and acceptance of diverse views and
lifestyles. This includes advocating for minority rights and protections.
2. Communism:
Communism is a radical ideology that seeks to create a classless society in which the means of
production are collectively owned and controlled by the community. It emerged as a response to the
social and economic inequalities caused by industrialization during the 19th century. Key principles of
communism include:
a. Class struggle: Communism views history as a series of class struggles, with the ruling class exploiting
the working class. The ultimate goal is the abolition of class distinctions and the establishment of a
classless society.
