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physiology lab summary of book, Lecture notes of Physiology

University of Guam (UOG)Physiology

physiologypppfdffdfsafphysiology chapter9 summary

Typology: Lecture notes

2018/2019

Uploaded on 12/03/2019

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Physio9.
1. Understand
•Nephron: functional units of the kidney. Composed of renal corpuscle and renal
tubule
•Glomerulus: tangled capillary knot that filters fluid from the blood into the
lumen of the renal tubule.
•Glomerular capillaries:
•Renal tubule: tubular component. Process the filtered fluid. Filtrate.
•Filtrate: renal tubule.
•Bowman’s capsule: glomerular capsule. The beginning of the renal tubule is an
enlarged end. Surrounds the glomerulus and serves to funnel the filtrate into the
rest of the renal tubule.
•Renal corpuscle: vascular component. Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule
•Afferent arteriole: supplies blood to the glomerulus, feeds the glomerular
capillary bed.
•Efferent arteriole: drains the glomerulus of the remaining blood. Drains the
glomerular capillary bed.
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Physio9.

  1. (^) Understand
    • Nephron: functional units of the kidney. Composed of renal corpuscle and renal tubule
    • Glomerulus: tangled capillary knot that filters fluid from the blood into the lumen of the renal tubule.
    • Glomerular capillaries:
    • Renal tubule: tubular component. Process the filtered fluid. Filtrate.
    • Filtrate: renal tubule.
    • Bowman’s capsule: glomerular capsule. The beginning of the renal tubule is an enlarged end. Surrounds the glomerulus and serves to funnel the filtrate into the rest of the renal tubule.
    • Renal corpuscle: vascular component. Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule
    • Afferent arteriole: supplies blood to the glomerulus, feeds the glomerular capillary bed.
    • Efferent arteriole: drains the glomerulus of the remaining blood. Drains the glomerular capillary bed.
  • Glomerular capillary pressure: forces fluid through the endothelium of the capillaries into the lumen of the surrounding Bowman’s capsule.
  • Glomerular filtration rate: as blood flows through the glomerular capillaries, protein-free plasma filters into the bowman’s capsule. Index of kidney function. 80 to 140ml/min, 180 liters/24 hours.
  1. Understand how changes in afferent arteriole radius impart glomerular capillary pressure and filtration.
  • When afferent radius decreased, the pressure and filtration rate decreased.
  • When afferent radius increased, the pressure and filtration rate increased.
  1. Understand how changes in efferent arteriole radius impart glomerular capillary pressure and filtration.
  • When efferent radius decreased the pressure and filtration rate increased
  • When efferent radius increased, the pressure and filtration decreased.

Activity2.

  1. Understand
    • Glomerulus:
    • Glomerular capillaries:
    • Renal tubule:
    • Filtrate:
    • Starling forces: hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradient. Drive protein-free fluid between the blood in the glomerular capillaries and the filtrate in Bowman’s capsule.
    • Bowman’s capsule:
    • Renal corpuscle:
    • Afferent arteriole:
    • Efferent arteriole:
    • Glomerular capillary pressure:
    • Glomerular filtration rate:
  2. How changes in glomerular capillary pressure affect glomerular filtration rate
    • (^) As the blood pressure increased, the glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate increased.
  3. How changes in renal tubule pressure affect glomerular filtration rate

Activity3.

  1. Blood pressure: supplying nephron.
  1. Describe how the kidneys can produce urine that is four times more concentrated than the blood.
    • The urine volume will increase in the absence of ADH in the collecting duct.

Activity5.

  1. Understand
    • Reabsorption : the movement of filtered solutes and water from the lumen of the renal tubules back into the plasma.
    • Carrier proteins: it is present in the proximal tubule cells of the nephron ( to ensure that glucose is reabsorbed into the body so that it can fuel cellular metabolism)
    • Apical membrane: glucose is first absorbed by secondary active transport at the apical membrane of proximal tubule cells
    • Secondary active transport: glucose is first absorbed by it.
    • Facilitated diffusion: glucose leaves the tubule cell via facilitated diffusion.
    • Basolateral membrane: facilitated diffusion along it.
  2. (^) Role that glucose carrier proteins play in removing glucose from the filtrate
    • Carrier proteins are needed to move glucose from the lumen of the nephron into the interstitial paces.
    • When all glucose carriers are bound with the glucose they are transporting, excess glucose in the filtrate is eliminated in urine.
  3. Understand the concept of a glucose carrier transport maximum and why glucose is not normally present in the urine.
    • There are a finite number of glucose carriers in each renal tubule cell. Therefore, if too much glucose is present in the filtrate, it will not all be absorbed and glucose will be inappropriately excreted into the urine.

Activity6.

  1. Understand
    • Antidiuretic (ADH): causes more water to be reabsorbed into the blood, resulting in increased blood pressure.
    • Aldosterone: hormone produced by the adrenal cortex under the control of the body’s renin-angiotensin system.
    • (^) Reabsorption
    • Loop of Henle
    • Distal convoluted tubule
    • Collecting duct
    • Tubule lumen
    • Interstitial space
  1. How the hormones aldosterone and ADH affect renal processes in a human kidney.
    • (^) ADH: increase the permeability of the collecting duct to water so that more water is reabsorbed into the body by inserting aquaporins, or water channels, in the apical membrane.
    • Aldosterone: Aldosterone acts on the distal convoluted tubule cells in the nephron to promote the reabsorption of sodium from filtrate into the body and the secretion of potassium from the body.
  2. The role of ADH in water reabsorption by the nephron
    • Causes more water to be absorbed into the blood, resulting in increased blood pressure.
  3. Role of aldosterone in solute reabsorption and secretion by the nephron.
    • Aldosterone acts on the distal convoluted tubule cells in the nephron to promote the reabsorption of sodium from filtrate into the body and the secretion of potassium from the body.