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Public health pest control exam
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Mosquito Control in Florida in 20th century
tourism rocketed after control of salt marsh mosquitoes, prior to this S. penninsular part of FL = unhabituale, orange county = mosquito county
first organized mosquito effort in FL" WW1 joint effort between US army and US public health service @ camp johnson near jacksonville, 1919 city of Perry
in the 30s and 40s 1500 miles of drainage ditches dug to drain mosquito breeding habitats, Burea of malaria Control created wtihin Division of Health, Mosquito COntroli n Florida, spraying of DDT
how many species of mosquitoes in florida
80+`
equipment at a mosquito control district
Larviciding: backpack sprayer or hand-operated granular applicator, OR airplane and helicopter spraying
adulticiding: fogging, spraying, or ULV spraying.. can use tractors/bulldozing/backhoes for impounding and filling
used of fixed-wing aircraft is the most efficient means to adequately treat large areas of land
Florida Anti-Mosquito Assisociation
formed in 1922, now known as the Florida Mosquito Control Association, FMCA)
mosquito control law
chapter 388 florida statues has conditions for mosquito control provisions
what department regulates funding of mosquito control districts, what does current funding act stipulate
Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, county/district shall be eligible to receive sate funds, the amount of which is described in chapter 5E-13.
places eggs are laid
- deposited on water surface
- deposited on sides of containers wehre water will soon cover them
- put into damp soil where they mature before they can hatch in water
- mansonia deposit eggs on the bottom and top of floating aquatic plants
what is special about mansonia and coquiellititia larvae
dont take in oxygen from the surface of the water, instead they have a sharp pointed siphone to poke plants and take oxygen from the plant
pupae "tumbler" stage
West nile encephalitis
flavivirus discovered in new york city in 1999 and supposed to be of middle eastern origin, culex nigripalpus and quinquefasciatus are two major vectors. big mortality in birds. most eriously affects people 50+, less than 1% have long lasting neurological effects, 2-5% case fatality rate
breeding seasons
most mosquitoes breed mainly in the summer punctipennis, culex restuans and culex salinarius breed all year round w/ peak numbers in late spring
arthropod
phylum characterized by hard exoskeleton, body is segmented with paired jointed appendages (ex. insects, mites, cetipedes, spiders)
enzootic
present endemically in certain populations
faunal zones
list of animal species occurring in a particular region
impoundment
coverage of the surface of a marsh with shallow water to prevent exposing substrate for slat marsh mosquito egg laying because salt marsh mosquitos are floodwater mosquitoes
integrated mosquito management
use of a combination of biological, chemical, educational, and physical control methods in order to maintain targeted species or populations of mosquitoes at an acceptable level
ultra low volume
a spray application of a pesticide that is a technical or undiluted material and broken up into very small droplets
arthropods of public health importance
eye gnats spread pink eye (conjunctivis), spread of typhoid and intestinal disease by house flies, food poisioning by cockroaches
TICKS: spread rocky mountain spotted fever, lyme disease, human ehrlichioses and tularemia
SAND FLIES: genus culicodies only know to be controlled via flooding of breeding areas, coastal species are more annoying than freshwater
BLIND MOSQUITOES: chironomidae do not feed on blood or vector disease, also known as midges
how many CEU do you need
16 hours for 4 year license
biases of adult traps
New jerseys: pros are long-term surveillance in a permanent spot and convienence, cons are larger organisms and ants which can damage mosquitoes
under chapter 17-4, districts must file applications for permits for water management activity like dredging and filling, which is submitted to the department of environmental protection which gos to US army corps of engineers
larvicides
three categories of larvicides:
- contact (ex organophosphate and hormone mimics)
Temephos is relatively low in toxicity, is the only organophosphate registered in florida, and its mode of action is to inhibit cholinesterase in the nervous systems of the mosquitoes. honeybee warnings CAUTION and WARNING
Methoprene is a juvenile hormone which prevents pupa from molting into adults, it is a biochemiccal pesticide, CAUTION
- surface control agents (ex surface oils/films
Larviciding Oils : coating on top of water that suffocates larvae, pupae, and newly hatched adults, low toxicity CAUTION
Monomolecular surface films lower surface tension so larvae cannot suspend on top of water and pupa can not emerge as adults, usually only applied to standing water
- stomach toxins (microbial larvicides)
BTI - bacillus thuringiensis israelensis are microbial larvicides. active ingredients are dormanant spore forms of bacteria and an associated toxin. this toxin distrupts the gut by binding to receptor cells present in insects but not mammals
BS bacillus spaericus is similar, takes longer to work, but is more effective
CAUTION for both, they are both biopesticides, have very minimal effects to outside environment
adulticides
two categories:
- organophosphates: inhibit acetycholine regulation
Malathion used since 1956, works by being conerted into malaoxon in the mosquito which inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase that regulates acetylcholine. acetylcholine causes nerves to become overstimulated leading to paralysis and death. no risks to human health, can be used for land or aerial application. honeybees
Naled also OP, used mostly for aerial application, highly toxic to all insects and is risky to honeybees so EPA has strict guidelines
poorly drained areas like muck marl and other soils saturated with water
what type of water are mosquitoes not adapted to
moving water
salt water or brackish habitats
mangrove swamps: eggs laid on sloping sides of ditches, marsh edges, depressions or on grass-covered level areas species: aedes taeniorhynchus aedes sollicitans anopholes atropos culex nigripalpus
salt marshes salt tolerant herbaceous plants and salt grasses dominate aedes taeniorhynchus aedes sollicitans
salt or brackish ditches ditches next to salt water marshes aedes taeniorhynchus aedes sollicitans
aedes atlanticus psorophora columbiae anopholes bradleyi culex pilosus psorophora howardii psorophora ciliata
freshwater marshes
often adjacent to brackish areas
anopholes walkeri anopholes crucians psorophora columbiae culex nigripalpus culex salinarius culex tarsalis culex erraticus culex peccator
lakes
two general types of lakes: sand bottom and silt bottom cpress tree and floating plants w/ bottom being vegetation decay
snad bottom are more numerous, but silt bottom provide better mosquito habitat. mosquitos like
culiseta melanura culex nagripalpus culex quinquefasciatus culex restuans culex erraticus culex peccator ades canadensis canadensis
seepage areas: anopholes quad psorophora ferox anophles punctipennis
springs
breeding is restricted to quiet edges where vegetation affords a cover:
anopholes quadrimaculatus anopheles perplexens
swamps
swamps are different from marshes because they have a more dense coer made of larger trees like cypress
anophles crucians
anopholes quadrimculatus culiseta melanura mansonia coquillettidia perturbans
borrow pits and canals
man made bodies of open waters that breed more with more vegetation:
anopholes quad culiseta inornata aedes canadensis culex nigripalpus culex quinquefasciatus culex restuans culex salinarius coquilletidia perturbans mansonia species
plant habitats
specific aquatic plants: coke perturbans mansonia dyari mansonia titillans
freshwater drainage ditches
ex. in the bottom of road shoulders
psorophora columbiae culex nigripalpus culex erraticus culex quinquefascatus anopholes crucians aedes atlantaicus psorophora ciliata aedes sollicitans
artifical containers
aedes aegypti aedes albopictus aedes triseratus culex quinquefasciatus culex restuans culex nigripalpus anopholes quad
all mosquito species in florida fall into one of the three subfamilies:
toroshynchitinae (toxorynchities) anophelinae (anopholes) culicinae (other ten genera)
uniqueness of anopholes eggs and larvae
eggs are not laid in rats but some are connected, larvae lay perpendicular to surface because they do not have a siphon and have palmetto shaped hair on their abdomen
toxorhynchitis
found in tree holes or artificial containers, very large and feed on mosquito larvae and other small animals, females feed only on plant nectar and juices
adult morphology
larvae morphology
aedes taeniorhynchus
most primary pest mosquito in florida, so active usually may-october eggs deposited on damp soil and embryo develops in thee days, will hatch as soon as it is
aedes canadensis and sticticus
comes in large numbers in northwaest florida but rare in rest of state
aedes aegypti
vectors yellow fever and dengue, container mosquito , numbers went down when albopictus was introduced doesn't travel more than a few hundred feet from emergence cite, females usually bite the ankle
aedes albopictus
introduced into florida from asia in 1986, replacing aegypti in N and cnetral florida where habitats are shared, aggressive daytime biter
aedes trisertiatus
larvae found in rot cvities of trees or artificual containers, attack man during the day or early evening and bite is painful and lasting
aedes mitchellae
looks like aedes taenorinchous looks like taeniorhynchus and breeds in stump holes, severe bite in orthern and panhandle areas of florida
aedes atlanticus & atlanticus
distinct median pale stripe running the length of the thorax, both species bite readily and larvae develop in shallow pools
aedes canadensis canadensis
pale rings at tip of tarsal segments are flood-water mosquito
aedes vexans
has very narrow pale tarsal bands and abdominal bands, annoying at dusk and after dark
psorophora
floodwater
columbiae has a pale subapical ring on each femur and biaites any time of day or night VICIOUSLY
anopholes
curicians - breeds mostly in acidic cypress swamps, in ponds, and lakes, naturally infected wiht malaria but prefers to feed on mammals that are not humans
quads - most common an dwidespread member, breed in alkaline frehs water and is primary vector of malaria in SE united states, feed on men
atropos - found in permanent brackish pools nad marshes, not a disease vector
culiseta
inornata - very large species in pools, ditches, and aritifical containers, prefers to feed on mammals
melanura - smalle, very dark dpecies in permanent bodies of water, primary vector of EEE from bird to bird
