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OT 500 Midterm Exam Study Guide
Which is an example of qualitative changes in development? - Answer Aiden walks with a wide gait with his arms held out towards his side.
Which statement bests describes Nature and Nurture in development: - Answer Development is shaped by the interactions of nature and nurture.
According to Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Development: - Answer A child's active response to developmental challenges shapes their identity.
Maya wants her husband to take out the trash every night without having to nag and plead with him. She starts leaving his favorite cold beverage next to the trash can in the garage. After three nights, Maya's husband has starts taking the trash out every night without being asked. This is an example of: - Answer Operant Conditioning
Punishment is less effective than other behavioral strategies because: - Answer All of the above.
During mitosis and meiosis, mutation occurs: - Answer at any point in these processes, for development of new cells and sperm and ova.
Epigenesis describes - Answer All of the above
Piaget describes cognitive development as occurring: - Answer in discreet stages that are related to a child's chronological age
Tamika is learning how to tie her shoes. Her father praises her for crossing the shoelaces. Then, he praises her again as she learns to form one end into a loop. Slowly, Tamika learns how to tie a bow with the laces. This reinforcing of small steps toward a desired behavior is clled: - Answer shaping
Omar can tie his shoes, but only with his mother's help. This suggests that tying shoes: - Answer is within Omar's zone of proximal development.
Gina's mother is a Vice President at a large company. Her work requires long hours at the office. As a result, Gina's mom does not always make it to her basketball games. Her mother's workplace represents which type of system for Gina? - Answer exosystem
Children with PKU: - Answer should be provided a special diet as soon as possible.
Male infertility can be related to all of the following EXCEPT: - Answer wearing boxer shorts
Conception typically occurs: - Answer in the fallopian tube
Which is an example of canalization: - Answer Sara's family experienced food insecurity when she was an infant. When her mother and father secured good jobs, they were able to provide better food for Sara. Sara was a small underweight baby, but she quickly
grew when her diet improved. When she entered preschool, she was within the average range for height and weight.
Infants typically begin to lift their head before they learn to control their leg movements. This is an example of: - Answer cephalocaudal development
Melissa and her husband would like to have a baby soon. To ensure good health in her pregnancy, which of the following changes should she make before she becomes pregnant: - Answer eat more dark leafy green vegetables and take a prenatal vitamin that includes folic acid
Jane and Julie are both pregnant. Jane has just found out she is pregnant, and she is about 5 weeks into the pregnancy. Julie is 37 weeks pregnant and will be expecting to go into labor any time soon. Both women are exposed to fifth's disease (a virus). Which woman has a greater risk of the virus affecting her baby's development and why? - Answer Jane's baby because her baby is just developing major organs and body structures. A virus can have a greater impact on a developing baby during these early critical periods of development.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Effect are: - Answer two diagnosis that are part of a spectrum of differences found in children who were exposed to alcohol during their prenatal development.
Elsa is pregnant and in the second trimester. Every afternoon and into the evening, her baby does flips, stretches and moves almost constantly. Based on this prenatal activity, Elsa can expect: - Answer her baby will be physically active as an infant and toddler.
Babies born to adolescent mothers may have a greater risk of teratogen exposure because: - Answer Many adolescents may be receiving treatments for acne that could be harmful to their developing baby.
Neural tube defects: - Answer all of the above
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement: - Answer James' wife wants him to take the trash out, every night. She nags him, calls him lazy and argues with him about this every night. James begins taking the trash out to avoid Lisa's nagging.
Miranda is 35 week pregnant. She wakes up at night with contractions, and they are beginning to occur every 10 minutes in a regular pattern. She call her doctor, who tells her: - Answer She should grab her suitcase and head over to the hospital. Her baby is not yet full term, and Miranda will need medical support to halt labor. Her baby is not ready for birth.
All of the following are medical reasons for delivery via Cesarian section EXCEPT: - Answer Mother's desire to have predictability in labor and delivery
Anna and Miles have a 3 year old son. They are concerned about his learning and language development, and are meeting with the local Early Intervention program.
diseases rarely occur and because the MMR vaccine has been show to cause autism spectrum disorders. - Answer Jim and Sarah need to do more research. Research, good research has found that vaccinations do not cause autism spectrum disorders. And, measles, mumps and rubella continue to be harmful diseases for young children.
Jane is very worried about Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Which of the following should she do to reduce the risk of SIDS for her baby? - Answer place her baby on her back to sleep, wearing well fitted pajamas, in a crib without any blankets or cushions next to Jane's bed.
Based on research (and Rathus) we know that mylination: - Answer can continue into adolescence
Nina is concerned that he 10 month old baby can not sit without support. She decides to talk about her concerns with the pediatrician. - Answer Nina should be concerned because most baby's learn to sit without support by 6 - 7 month. She can talk with her doctor and she can also contact her local Early Supports and Services and request a developmental evaluation for her baby.
Raynisha is the mother of a 4 week old (1 month) baby. Sleep has been difficult for both Raynisha and her baby, but all of a sudden, her baby is sleeping for 5 - 6 hour stretches at night. - Answer Raynisha should enjoy the good sleep while it lasts, because infant sleep patterns are very inconsistent and can change dramatically across the first two years of life.
Using your new child development super powers, guess the age of this baby. - Answer probably older than 6 months old because she is sitting without support
What are the disadvantages of breastfeeding? - Answer HIV can be transmitted to babies via breastmilk
Based on current research, what advice is best for new parents regarding infant crying?
- Answer consistent and prompt response to crying will lead to a decrease in crying.
The greatest gains in visual acuity occur: - Answer birth to 6 months of age
When looking at human faces, infants under 2 months of age prefer to look at: - Answer the edges, such as the hairline and chin
Latifa knows that kittens are animals. Her mother tells her that puppies are also animals. Latifa then changes her scheme of animals to include puppies. In changing her scheme to incorporate the new information, Latifa is using: - Answer accommodation
Bruno fell off a table while he was strapped into an infant bouncy seat when he was 4 months old and broke his leg. He had to wear a cast until he was 6 months old and his movements were restricted. His parents also tended to protect him and not encourage his movement in play because of the awful accident. Now that Bruno is 6 months old,
and has doctor's approval to move freely, what can be expected of his motor development. - Answer Bruno's parents should provide him with safe opportunities to explore and move in his home. They could also get help from an occupational therapist or physical therapist to support Bruno's motor development. With the right intervention, he can catch up (canalize) and should be meeting his motor milestones within a few months.
Lily watches as her mother puts her toys in a basket. Two weeks later, after never having engaged in this behavior, Lily attempts to put her toys in the basket. This illustrates: - Answer all of the above
Which of the following represents observational learning? - Answer Harvey watches his grandmother mow the lawn and then pushes his toy lawnmower over the lawn.
New parents often work on developing a secure attachment with their baby because: - Answer infants with secure attachment show better outcomes than infants with insecure attachment including better social skills, less aggressive behavior and more confidence.
All of the following are highly important for an infant and caregiver to form a secure attachment EXCEPT: - Answer feeding the infant on a strict schedule and never changing this routine.
Meg is a 15 month old baby. Her mother brings her to a new daycare center and when her mother leaves Meg with the new daycare provider, Meg does not seem to have any reaction. She briefly looks at her mother with a blank face when her mother kisses her good bye. As her mother leaves, Meg plays with the new toys, but does not seem to look for her mother, or the daycare provider. Based on this information, you could assume: - Answer Meg has an avoidant attachment style
Mike assumes that his 13 month old son does not understand much of what he is told, because his son can only speak 2 words. - Answer Mike is wrong, children develop receptive language much faster than they develop expressive language. His son can likely understand far more language than he can express at this age.
