Chordates: Chordate Phylogeny
CBJ Ch. 34 - 1
sister taxon to chordates
basal chordates
Jawless vertebrates
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Chordates and Vertebrates: Characteristics and Evolution, Lecture notes of Biology
An overview of the phylogeny of Chordates, focusing on the characteristics of Chordates and the evolution of Vertebrates. Topics include the structure of the vertebral column, the development of a head with sensory organs, and the emergence of jaws and teeth. Additionally, it covers the circulatory and respiratory systems in early and modern vertebrates.
What you will learn
- What are the differences between Jawless Vertebrates and Gnathostomes?
- How do the circulatory and respiratory systems develop in Vertebrates?
- What are the earliest Vertebrates like?
- What are the main characteristics of Chordates?
- How does the vertebral column develop in Chordates?
Typology: Lecture notes
2017/2018
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Chordates: Chordate Phylogeny
CBJ Ch. 34 - 1
sister taxon to chordates
basal chordates
Jawless vertebrates
Vertebrates: Vertebrate Characteristics
Vertebrate Characteristics
Vertebrae of cartilage &/or bone
enclose spinal cord (dorsal nerve cord)
in most, vertebral column replaces notochord as main body
support
nerve cord runs
here
nerve cord runs
here
notochord
Vertebrates: Vertebrate Characteristics
Vertebrate Characteristics
Vertebrae of cartilage &/or bone
enclose spinal cord (dorsal nerve cord)
in most, vertebral column replaces notochord as main body
support
spinal cord spinal cord
human
vertebral
column
human
vertebral
column
vertebra body
vertebra body
intervertebral disk
intervertebral disk
ventral
ventral
dorsal
dorsal
dorsal
dorsal
Vertebrates: Vertebrate Characteristics
Vertebrate Characteristics
Vertebrae of cartilage &/or bone
enclose spinal cord (dorsal nerve cord)
in most, vertebral column replaces notochord as main body
support
CBJ Ch. 34 - 5
Vertebrates: Vertebrate Characteristics
Heart with 2-4 chambers with valves
closed circulatory system
with hemoglobin in blood cells
Learn basic
circulation
pattern &
terms
Learn basic
circulation
pattern &
terms
More efficient delivery
of O
2
to tissues
supports active
lifestyle.
More efficient delivery
of O
2
to tissues
supports active
lifestyle.
Vertebrates: Vertebrate Characteristics
Gill arches/rods of cartilage or bone support gill slits
muscle action with rods aids ventilation of gills
allowed earliest vertebrates to suck in food
Vertebrates: Extant Jawless Vertebrates
Myxini: Hagfish
marine scavengers
reduced eyes
hagfish
keratin teeth
keratin teeth
Vertebrates: Extant Jawless Vertebrates
hagfish are famous for defensive slime
Vertebrates: Extant Jawless Vertebrates
Petromyzontida: Lampreys
jawless parasite on fish
keratin
teeth
keratin
teeth
Gnathostomes
Gnathostome Characteristics
Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous Fish
Osteichthyes: “Bony Fish”
(includes ray-finned Actinopterygii & lobe-finned Actinistia & Dipnoi)
Gnathostomes: Gnathostome Characteristics
Gnathostome Characteristics
Vertebrates w/ hinged jaws
derived from gill slit supports
usually have bony teeth (predation!)
Larger forebrain (smell & sight)
jawless fish jawless fish
early jawed fish
(placoderm)
early jawed fish
(placoderm)
modern jawed fish
modern jawed fish
Gnathostomes: Gnathostome Characteristics
Mineralized skeleton with 2 pairs lateral fins or limbs
(pectoral & pelvic)
bones with calcium phosphate
pelvic fins pelvic fins
pectoral fins
pectoral fins
Gnathostomes: Gnathostome Characteristics
Lateral line system (aquatic species)
detects slight pressure waves of prey/enemy
lateral line lateral line