Download NURS 6501-ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUIZ 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026 A and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
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What is osmotic pressure? - CORRECT ANSWERS The amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water What is the resting membrane potential? - CORRECT ANSWERS Difference in electrical charge across the membrane at rest What is action potential? - CORRECT ANSWERS the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell. How does DNA replicate? - CORRECT ANSWERS DNA molecule unwinds and each strand is a template for complementary base pairing; each daughter helix contains an intact strand from the parent helix and a newly synthesized strand therefore DNA replication is semiconservative What are the four phases of the cell cycle? - CORRECT ANSWERS (1) the S phase, during which DNA synthesis takes place in the cell nucleus; (2) the G2 phase, the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); (3) the M phase, which involves both nuclear (mitotic) and cytoplasmic (cytokinetic) division; and (4) the G1 phase (growth phase), after which the cycle begins again. What are the four stages of the M phase (Mitosis)? - CORRECT ANSWERS prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. What is DNA composed of? - CORRECT ANSWERS deoxyribose, a phosphate molecule, and four types of nitrogenous bases. The physical structure of DNA is a double helix What does DNA polymerase do? - CORRECT ANSWERS Joins individual nucleotides to make complementary strands and proofreads the sequence of bases and corrects errors
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What is transcription? - CORRECT ANSWERS The process of making RNA from DNA What is translation? - CORRECT ANSWERS the decoding of an mRNA message into a protein What are diploid somatic cells? - CORRECT ANSWERS Body Cells What are haploid gametes? - CORRECT ANSWERS sperm and egg cells What is a karyotype? - CORRECT ANSWERS A display of every pair of homologous chromosomes within a cell, organized according to size and shape How common are chromosome abnormalities? - CORRECT ANSWERS 1 in 150 live births, leading cause of mental retardation and miscarriage What is polyploidy? - CORRECT ANSWERS condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes What is aneuploidy? - CORRECT ANSWERS Abnormal number of chromosomes. What is trisomy? - CORRECT ANSWERS 3 copies of a chromosome What is monosomy? - CORRECT ANSWERS missing one chromosome What are alleles? - CORRECT ANSWERS different versions of the same gene
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-i.e. gene that expresses for baldness in men does not for women Why would X-linked recessive genes be seen more in males? - CORRECT ANSWERS because males need only one copy of the gene to express the disease Why are skipped generation diseases seen in X-linked diseases? - CORRECT ANSWERS Biologic fathers cannot pass X-linked genes to their sons and the gene can be transmitted through carrier females What is a sex limited characteristic? - CORRECT ANSWERS one that occurs only in one sex What are polygenic traits? - CORRECT ANSWERS traits that are controlled by two or more genes Prediction of disease - CORRECT ANSWERS A marker locus, when closely linked to a disease-gene locus, can be used to predict whether an individual will develop a genetic disease. What are multifactorial traits? - CORRECT ANSWERS traits that depend on multiple genes combined with environmental influences What is cellular adaptation? - CORRECT ANSWERS a reversible, structural, or functional response both to normal or physiologic conditions and to adverse or pathologic conditions What is the threshold of liability? - CORRECT ANSWERS In many multifactorial traits, once the threshold of liability has been crossed, the disease may be expressed. What is atrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS decrease in cell size
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What are the most commonly seen adaptive cell changes? - CORRECT ANSWERS atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia. What is hypertrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS increase in cell size What mechanisms cause atrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS include decreased protein synthesis, increased protein catabolism, or both What is hyperplasia? - CORRECT ANSWERS increase in number of cells caused by increased rate of cellular division What happens with hypertrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS The amounts of protein in the plasma membrane, ER, microfilaments, and mitochondria increase What is metaplasia? - CORRECT ANSWERS a change in stress on an organ that leads to a change in cell type Most commonly involves a change of one type of surface epithelium to another *metaplastic cells are better able to handle the new stress metaplasia occurs via reprogramming of stem cells which then produce the new cell type What are free radicals? - CORRECT ANSWERS unstable oxygen-containing molecules that can damage the cells of the body and possibly contribute to the increased risk of chronic diseases What is dysplasia? - CORRECT ANSWERS an abnormal change in the size, shape, and organization of mature tissue cells. It is considered atypical rather than a true adaptational change.
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What is the location and function of the nucleus? - CORRECT ANSWERS the largest membrane-bound organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief functions of the nucleus are cell division and control of genetic information. What is Cytoplasm? - CORRECT ANSWERS an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane. What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? - CORRECT ANSWERS a network of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It specializes in the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most of the organelles What is the Golgi complex and what does it do? - CORRECT ANSWERS a network of smooth membranes and vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and packaging proteins into secretory vesicles What are lysosomes and what do they do? - CORRECT ANSWERS saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for digesting most cellular substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates What are peroxisomes? - CORRECT ANSWERS involved in the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide Importance of proteins in disease - CORRECT ANSWERS The major workhorses of the cell, if misfolded they can cause diseases What are mitochondria responsible for? - CORRECT ANSWERS. Mitochondria contain the metabolic machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism (Makes ATP).
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What is the cytoskeleton? - CORRECT ANSWERS the "bone and muscle" of the cell. The internal skeleton is composed of a network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments (microfilaments). What is the plasma membrane? - CORRECT ANSWERS encloses the cell and, by controlling the movement of substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways What is signal transduction? - CORRECT ANSWERS The transfer of molecular signals from the exterior to the interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? - CORRECT ANSWERS protein homeostasis and is defined by the proteostasis network. This network is composed of ribosomes (makers), chaperones (helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems. Malfunction of these systems is associated with disease. What do protein receptors do? - CORRECT ANSWERS on the plasma membrane, enable the cell to interact with other cells and with extracellular substances What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? - CORRECT ANSWERS (1) the extracellular membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3) specialized cell junctions. What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do? - CORRECT ANSWERS (1) fibrous structural proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins, and (3) proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. The matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement, and differentiation. How do cells communicate? - CORRECT ANSWERS (1) they form protein channels (gap junctions); (2) they display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical contact; and (3) they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
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How is endocytosis done? - CORRECT ANSWERS when the substance to be transported is engulfed by a segment of the plasma membrane, forming a vesicle that moves into the cell. What is phagocytosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans. (eating) What is receptor-mediated endocytosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS receptor-mediated endocytosis to selectively take up specific molecules or complexes of molecules that cannot diffuse or move through transport proteins What is diffusion? - CORRECT ANSWERS The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. What happens after endocytosis occurs? - CORRECT ANSWERS lysosomal enzymes process and digest material What is osmosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane What is filtration? - CORRECT ANSWERS the measurement of water and solutes through a membrane because of a greater pushing pressure. What is hydrostatic pressure? - CORRECT ANSWERS the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes. What is oncotic pressure? - CORRECT ANSWERS Osmotic pressure exerted by colloids in solution.
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What happens first in a hypoxic injury? - CORRECT ANSWERS the cessation of blood flow into vessels that supply the cell with oxygen and nutrients (ischemia) What is oncosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS accumulation of water causing cellular death What can cause a reperfusion injury? - CORRECT ANSWERS restoration of oxygen by oxidative stress, increased intracellular calcium concentration, inflammation, and complement activation. How can deprivation of essential nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins) lead to cell injury? - CORRECT ANSWERS by altering cellular structure and function, particularly of transport mechanisms, chromosomes, the nucleus, and DNA What are the two categories of intracellular accumulations? - CORRECT ANSWERS (1) normal cellular substances, such as water, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrate excesses; and (2) abnormal substances, either endogenous (e.g., from abnormal metabolism) or exogenous (e.g., a virus). What mechanisms cause accumulations? - CORRECT ANSWERS (1) An endogenous substance is produced in excess or at an increased rate; (2) an abnormal substance, often the result of a mutated gene, accumulates; (3) an endogenous substance is not effectively catabolized; and (4) a harmful exogenous substance accumulates because of inhalation, ingestion, or infection. What causes cellular swelling? - CORRECT ANSWERS the failure of transport mechanisms and is a sign of many types of cellular injury What is dystrophic calcification? - CORRECT ANSWERS hallmark of CELLULAR INJURY and occurs in all types of cell NECROSIS
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What is sarcopenia? - CORRECT ANSWERS loss of muscle mass and strength What is cachexia? - CORRECT ANSWERS weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness What is somatic death? - CORRECT ANSWERS death of the entire organism What is osteogenesis imperfecta? - CORRECT ANSWERS caused by pathogenic variants (formerly termed "mutations") in collagen genes Cause of genetic disease? - CORRECT ANSWERS a change in the sequence or cellular content of DNA that ultimately deranges gene expression, deletion of a group of genes or an abnormal number of chromosomes Most genetic disorders affect all cells why? - CORRECT ANSWERS it is inherited from a mutant egg or sperm When a genetic disorder does not affect all cells what is it? - CORRECT ANSWERS a mosaic because it occurred during gestation What us an alleles? - CORRECT ANSWERS slight differences seen in a genes DNA sequence across a population What is a variant and what modifiers are used? - CORRECT ANSWERS term to define a change in DNA sequence from the population norm and is used with the following modifiers: "pathogenic," "likely pathogenic," "uncertain significance," "likely benign," and "benign."
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What is a single nucleotide variant? - CORRECT ANSWERS a single base pair change has occurred What is a phenotype? - CORRECT ANSWERS any characteristic that can be measured, with the type of measurement depending on the characteristic What are molecular biologic phenotypes? - CORRECT ANSWERS can be detected only with a laboratory test What is penetrance? - CORRECT ANSWERS the percentage of individuals having a particular genotype that express the expected phenotype What is fitness? - CORRECT ANSWERS how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment What is variable expressivity? - CORRECT ANSWERS The same altered gene giving rise to a spectrum of different phenotypes What is a neutral effect on gene activity? - CORRECT ANSWERS no effect What is an amorphic variant effect on gene activity? - CORRECT ANSWERS Complete loss of function What is a hypomorphic variant effect on gene activity? - CORRECT ANSWERS Partial loss of function What is a hypermorphic variant effect on gene activity? - CORRECT ANSWERS gain of function
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What is the most common cause of hyperphenylalaninemia? - CORRECT ANSWERS deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which catalyzes the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine What can result from untreated hyperphenylalaninemia? - CORRECT ANSWERS Post- natal growth restriction, moderate-to-severe intellectual disability, recurrent seizures, hypopigmentation, and eczematous skin rashes What can happen if hyperphenylalaninemia treatment is stopped too early in childhood or adolescence? - CORRECT ANSWERS neurocognitive deficits and psychiatric problems that can develop, including deficits in executive functioning and anxiety, depression, and phobias. How does Fragile X present? - CORRECT ANSWERS small joint hyperextensibility, mild hypotonia, and a family history of intellectual disability in maternally related males
