Download N5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Quiz #2: Immunity and Immune Response and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
N5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Quiz
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What are the 5 types of Immunity? -Natural Immunity (Innate Resistance/Immunity) -Acquired Immunity -Passive Acquired Immunity -Humoral Immunity -Cell-Mediated Immunity Define Natural Immunity (Innate Resistance/Immunity): -resistance that exist prior to exposure to a microbe -we are born with this resistance -based on genotypes and species What nonspecific barriers to infection does Natural Immunity provide? -skin -mucous membranes -certain cells (NK cells) -certain proteins (complement cytokines) -inflammation -phagocytosis -does not improve at exposure
-functions to kill invading microorganisms and activates acquired immunity Name the cells of innate immunity? -phagocytic cells -antigen presenting cells -natural killer cells -complement Define Phagocytic cells: -cell of innate immunity (Natural Immunity or Innate Resistance/Immunity) -includes: Neutrophils, Macrophages, Dendritic Cells Define Neutrophils: -present during acute inflammation -responsible for engulfing microbes & kills them by using cytoplasmic myeloperoxidase Cytoplasmic Myeloperoxidase is toxic to? Pathogens Define Macrophages: -derived from monocytes, which leave the blood stream and differentiate tissues Define Dendritic Cells: -engulf antigens in the epithelia of skin, GI and respiratory trace
Acquired Immunity Define Passive Immunity:
- immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies or T- cells from another person or animal. What are the 2 passive acquired immunities? -Natural Passive Immunity -Artificial Passive Immunity Natural passive immunity occurs when? -Fetuses receive antibodies across the placenta from their mothers -Babies receive the initial breast milk from mothers (the colostrum) which delivers a certain isotype of antibody (IgA) Artificial Passive Immunity occurs when? -antibodies given to recipient to provide immunity -provides immediate protection -immunity only lasts as long as the antibodies (approximately 2 weeks) -good way to fight infection What type of immunity is used to treat rabies, tetanus, hepatitis and snake bites? Artificial Passive Immunity Define Humoral immunity:
This involves B-cells and antibodies, soluble in blood and tissue fluids of body. The B-cells produce specific antibodies, specific to one antigen. What does Humoral immunity provide immunity against? -viral infections -toxin induced diseases -diseases caused by pneumococci, meningococci or Haemophilus Define Cell-Medicated Immunity: -immunity active against cells infected w/intracellular bacteria or viruses -immunity conferred by T-Cells Cell-Medicated Immunity defends against__________? -cancer -fungal infections -parasitic infections -tumors -organ transplant rejection Which immunity is responsible for organ transplant rejection? Cell-Medicated Immunity What organs have a role in the immune system? -bone marrow -thymus
- had their spleen removed -have a nonfunctional spleen, ex) sickle cell disease Which individuals require pneumococcal vaccine? -sickle cell -nonfuctional spleen or spleen removed What are the sites where antigens interact with immune cells? -lymph nodes -tonsils -peyer patches (red pulp,white pulp) Which T-Cells are governed by the Cell-Mediated Immunity/Response (CD)? -CD4 cells (T-helper or T4 cells) -CD8 cells (Killer T's or T8 cells) -Memory T-Cells -T-Regulatory Cells What does "CD" refer to in the Cell Mediated Immune Response? cluster of differentiation CD4 cells (T-helper or T4 cells) are responsible for _______ in the immune response? -activate macrophages,B-cells, cytoxic T-cells & other CD cells -release lymphokines:begin inflammatory process & mediate
hypersensitivity reactions -ex)TB skin test Example of an CD4 inflammatory response & mediate delayed hypersensitivity reaction is ________? TB skin test Cells responsible for releasing lymphokines are _____? -TH -TH both are preformed by a subgroup of CD4 cells Define CD8 (Killer T's , T8 cells) cells: -kill virus infected cells, tumor cells & allograft cells (transplant tissue -release cytoxic chemicals that destroy cell membrane or induce apoptosis What role do Memory T-cells play in the cell mediated immune response? -allow host to remember antigens -respond quicker & vigorously after initial response -live for many years -can reproduce themselves What role do T-regulatory cells play in the cell medicated immune response? -slow or stop immune response once invader is defeated
What is IgE's role in the Humoral Immune Response? -involved in parasitic infections & hypersensitivity reactions -binds to mast cells, eosinophils & basophils Which antibody is responsible for hypersensitivity reactions & parasitic infections? IgE What is IgM's role in the Humoral Immune Response? -main immune globulin produced early in primary immune response What antibody is produced early in a primary response? IgM If a high IgM level is seen on laboratory, what does this indicate? -recent infection IgA's role in the Humoral Immune Response is _______? -main immune globulin in secretions & mucous membranes -prevents attachment of microorganisms to the mucous membrane What is the IgD role in the Humoral Immune Response? -signals B-cell activation -found on the surface of B-lymphocytes
What activates the complement cascade? -antibodies coat the bacteria to enhance phagocytosis & form antigen antibody complexes The overall function of antibodies include_____? -neutralization of bacterial toxins, this activates the complement cascade Upon exposure to an antigen , the immune system will mount a response within ________________________ days? 5-7 days Primary immune response is characterized by a ________of ______ antibodies and later in the course of an infection a ______ of _____________ antibodies. 1)rise 2)Igm 3)rise 4)IgG A secondary immune response occurs when ____________? next time the immune system is exposed to the same antigen, this response is mounted Another term for secondary immune response is _______? Anamnestic immune response
-primary -IgM -IgG IgG levels in a umbilical cord at birth is near _________ levels, but then drops due after the cord is __________. -adult -cut off In 5-6 months post birth of a baby, the practitioner would expect antibodies to ______________________. -nadir or be at the minimum point Immune system function decreases with _____________ Age T-cell activity decreases are what age? 60 What occurs to T-cell diffentiation by middle age in the thymus? -15% of its maximum size -this causes a decrease in T-Cell differtiation Do T- cells increase or decrease with age? -decrease -produce less antibodies -decrease in circulating memory B cells & increase in circulation of antibodies
Give 4 examples of Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reactions -Environmental allergies -Angioedema -Anaphylaxis -Atopic Disorders An immediate hypersensitivity response to an environmental allergen is classified as ___________________ -Type 1 (Immediate Hypersensitivity) Reactions that relate to food allergies, medication or pollen are denoted as _______________________ -Type 1 Hypersensitivity -IgE mediated Give an example of an allergy that is not Ige mediated -Poison Ivy -type 1 immediate hypersensitivity Type 1 Immediate Hypersensitivity occurs upon exposure when the __________________ -allergen binds to IgE to prime the stage for reaction to occur later -upon exposure, allergen binds to previously formed antigen-IgE causing histamine release -histamine release causes inflammatory cascade
-environmental -type 1 hypersensitivity reaction Asthma exacerbation, food allergies, drug allergies, animal allergies, and insect venom allergies are catergorized as what type of allergy? -environmental -type 1 hypersensitivity reaction Swelling of the lips, eyes and larynx is called
-Agioedema Agioedema is considered a ____________________ and related to ___________________________. -type 1 hypersensitivity reaction -medications or may be idopathic The most know severe reaction is _______________________ Anaphylaxis Anaphylaxis occurs as a result of what type of hypersensitivity? Type 1 Hypersensitivity (Immediate Hypersensitivity) How long does it take an anaphylaxis to occur upon exposure of allergen? within minutes of exposure
Clinical manifestations of Anaphylaxis : Bronchospasm-dyspnea Laryngeal edema Inspiratory stridor-wheezing Hypotension Circulatory shock Wheal & flare reactions Flushing Pruritus Urticaria Angioedema Facial swelling N/V/D Abdominal cramps Death Anaphylaxis treatment Seek immediate medical attention
- epinephrine injection +/- diphenhydramine +/- steroids +/- IV fluids Person's who have a genetic disposition are said to have this disorder? Atopic Disorder
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) -chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease -involving joints, skin, kidneys, central nervous system (CNS), heart, and lungs -blood vessels(vasculitis) Clinical manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: -butterfly rash(localized to cheeks) -photosensitivity -nonerosive arthritis of at least 2 peripheral joints -serositis (inflammation of serous sacs, pericadial, pleural sacs) -arthralgias -pulmonary hemorrhage -protenuria -seizures -anemia -leukopenia thrombocytopenia Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) -chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body -primarily in joints -IgM antibodies formed against IgG antibodies, bind together & form antigen antibody complex -antigen antibody complexes are deposited into synovial
membranes -inflammatory process causes tissue damage, joint inflammation,pain & destruction of synovial membranes Clinical manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) -symmetrical joint swelling -erythemic joints (warm to touch) -loss of function in joints -morning stiffness improves with movement -weight loss -weakness -anorexia -extra-synovial rheumatoid nodules: extensor surfaces of elbows and fingers -invasive nodules: cardiac valves,pericardium,pleura,lung parenchyma,spleen What joints are effected the most with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)? -fingers -feet -wrists -elbows -ankles -knee Risk factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA) include:
