ORGANIZATION OF THE
HUMAN BODY
Jhia Anjela D. Rivera1,2
1BS Biology Graduate, Department of Biology, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines
2 MS Biology Student, Graduate School, Centro Escolar University
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Human Body Organization: Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology, Lecture notes of Anatomy
The document talks about the definition of anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, and other subdivisions. It also states and demonstrates the level of organization, characteristics of the Living Human Organism, Homeostasis, Feedback Systems, and Basic Mechanism of Disease.
Typology: Lecture notes
2020/2021
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ORGANIZATION OF THE
HUMAN BODY
Jhia Anjela D. Rivera1, 1 BS Biology Graduate, Department of Biology, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines (^2) MS Biology Student, Graduate School, Centro Escolar University
OUTLINE
- Definition of:
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Pathophysiology
- Other subdivisions
- Levels of Organization
- Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
- Homeostasis
- Feedback System
- Basic Mechanism of Disease
- Clinical Application (Palpation, Auscultation and Percussion,
Autopsy, Diagnosis of Diseases)
PHYSIOLOGY
- Study of how living organisms work
- Study of how the body functions
- Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things
- Always interested in function and integration – how things work together at various levels of organization and, most importantly, in the entire organism
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- Study of processes of the in a functioning body and, a knowledge of normal physiology makes such disorders easier to understand
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIVING
HUMAN ORGANISM
- Humans – living organisms, sharing characteristics with other organisms. - Organization - condition in which the parts of an organ- ism have specific relationships to each other and the parts interact to perform specific functions - Metabolism - all of the chemical reactions taking place in an organism - Responsiveness - an organism ’s ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes - Growth - cells increase in size or number, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism - Development - includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, begins with fertilization and ends at death - Reproduction - formation of new cells or new organisms
HOMEOSTASIS
- Existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body
- Maintenance of a constant environment in the body MAINTAIN – Keep up CONSTANT – The same INTERNAL – Inside the body ENVIRONMENT – Surroundings of the body
HOMEOSTASIS
- All organisms must maintain a constant internal environment to function properly - Temperature - pH of the internal environment - Concentration of nutrient and waste products - Concentration of salt and other electrolytes - Volume and pressure of extracellular fluid - Hormonal control
FEEDBACK SYSTEM IN HOMEOSTASIS
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
- Called negative because the information caused by the feedback causes a reverse of the response
- Any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted
- Most common feedback that happens inside the body Components
- Receptor - which monitors the value of a variable
- Control center - receives information about the variable from the receptor, establishes the set point, and controls the effector
- Effector - produces responses that change the value of the variable
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
BASIC MECHANISM OF DISEASE
- Disease - an abnormal alteration of structure or function in any part of the body
- Disease mechanism constitute general pathology
- A logical and orderly way of thinking about diseases and their characteristics must be cultivated - Epidemiology (incidence) - Etiology (cause) - Pathogenesis (evolution/ process of the development of disease) - Pathological and clinical features (morphological/structural changes) - Complications and Sequelae - Prognosis (result prediction)
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