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Two strands of continuity in our course are i) the desire to modernise the Russian economy for security and personal glory. And ii) the exploitation of the workers (particularly the peas- ants) to this end. “The Great Spurt” Witte system Strang rouble War communist 1918-1921 All industry nationalised State manapaly on foreign Russian Industry 1855-1964 The Great Patriatic War leaves the USSR trade Second year plan 1993-7 continues on its knees. Metallurgy down 40% Private trade illegal Gold standard focus on hea NEP introduced 1921- wv Elec power down 52% Tariff protection 1928 industry Pig iran down 20% Railway development Treaty of Brest [eed economy Stel down 45% The USSR now a super- High taxation Russia lost ‘commanding heights" ‘ood down fo power 3 Banking and Start of fareign Trans Siberian railway 26% ofits population fF the economy kept by On 1941 levels} Winning the space race e sta . tax reform investment 25% of its industry Stalin launches the 5 ye 6 {Sputniks from 1957 and = 80% of its coal erman invasion. Yuri Gagarin the firet E.g, John Hughes to 6; +H 9 - rain export to Industry plans and callectivisation USSR much better 81 n Lays the foundation Set UP Iman works in peise capital stating ‘we are fifty to 100 prepared for war he wns from 1949 3 of an internal Inereased loans years behind the advanced than 1914, In the emp Fram ovo market from France Industrial activity countries, Wemust make Hbemb from 1953 < Letart of rapid raf Cand banks focused on war mes | 1930s growth rates art of rapid rail) 7, . good this distance in ten 4 12-19% H Defeat sho ldevelopment ecant. Unable to compete years, Either we da this or average Pa industrial 186 1- 1,404 km ‘vanes with central powers they will crush us” backwardness 1881- 19,957 Crimean Emancipa- rawreer Pam Sees [UP LAS TRS Tt ro) Date 1655 18611862 1866 «1872 1881 1687 1892 1904/5 1912 1914 1917 1918 1921 1928 1933 1941 1945 1956 i T T I Bunge minister Wyshnegradskit Lena Sovnarkam . of finance 1881 minister of Gold decrees offer cee repression Reuter minister of 1887 finance 1887-| Putiloy mines hope to workers and exploitation ” 1892 steel massacre Land Wrecker’s scandal © finance 1862-1878 ‘War Communism Use of slave labour 0 Ist labour laws, strike 200 dead Work x decrease in Unemployment 19161921 (est 8 million zeks Strict rationing in Gulags by 1938) 5 seedy enna Strikers shot Famine War leoves 36 milion 3 Witteministen unt” Lebour armies of be-Kulakisation soviet citizens dea one the unemployed 70,000 villages and Yo Sateen towns destroyed (M. 1956.60 = : McCauley) Sixth five year plan + Strike levels inerease in Virgin land campaign c 1914 NEP Focus on consumer ° 1.4 million days lost Use of money encour- goods (esp in the + 3,754 strikes aged cities, increased 0 2,401 of these viewed as Peasants could sell standard of living) Sg political surplus (Acton called a this “the golden age” € | Start of urbanisation 1910-1914 of the Russian peasant) H Pop of Moscow and St Petersburg up by Numbers of the proletariat By 1925 food produc- Same workers do 30% 1861-1881 up by 1/3 tion up to pre-wwl “bug into" Stalinism “The majority of these city-dwellers lived Overerowding level Stakhanov move in squalid conditions, A combustible situa- Average apartment accom- Kulaks with a profit ment tion began to develop between the tene- modated 9 in Moscow in potive “Homo soviticus” ments and sweatshops of the industrial 1912- Rogger Alec Nove centres” Eric Wilm 
