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IGCSE Geography Case Studies
Causes of High Young Dependent Population in The Gambia - correct answer 95% are muslims and it is a taboo to use contraceptives so many Lack of access to contraception/ lack of birth control Infant mortality rate is 73 per 1000 meaning more mothers try to give birth more often in case their baby, which results in larger families. Poor Family planning (also not encouraged) Religious beliefs/traditions, men find it more manly to have more children Children have to take care of elderly Large agricultural sector therefore they have larger families to work on farms, rice, maize Impacts of High Young Dependent Population in The Gambia - correct answer Pressure/depletion on resources, it is estimated that there will be no more trees in 50 years due to deforestation for materials. Global warming/climate change/ environment pollution Rise in unemployment High cost of living Food scarcity (starvation) Pressure on school, Sekunda lower school has 3000 students but only 26 classrooms
Many don't receive quality education. 1 in 3 of kids in The Gambia, work. Low life expectancy High infant Mortality Low life expectancy and high infant mortality rate so birth rates increase Solutions to High Young Dependent Population in The Gambia - correct answer Slow birth rates by encouraging contraceptives through advertising Government and NGO's subsidise contraceptives and clinics with family planning schemes Encouraging education in women, so they are more likely to pursue and had kids later on, which will result in less kids per mother Government incentives Education Spreading awareness Implementing new government policies Maternal Care Causes of Japan having low population growth/high elderly dependents - correct answer Low fat diet and healthy foods = less people dying, low death rate
Positive impacts of Japan having low population growth/high elderly dependents - correct answer More tax and bigger workforce for economy People feel valued and less depression Negative impacts of Japan having low population growth/high elderly dependents - correct answer ⅓ of national budget spent on elderly care By 2055, Japan's population will be expected to go from 127 mil. To 90 mil. And elderly would make up 41% of it Dependency ratio worsens Solutions to Japan having low population growth/high elderly dependents - correct answer Raising retirement age Raising taxes Encouraging pronatal policies, child benefits etc Patterns of settlement in Penang and functions - correct answer Georgetown - nucleated Batu Maung- linear Kampung Perlis- linear Georgetown- tourism Batu Maung- trade, fishing Kampung Perlis- farming, tourism Service provision in Penang - correct answer Hotels:
- One of the best value hotels located in Georgetown, Penang
- houses hundreds of tourists which earns a huge portion of the tourism economy It is located within nearby of several tourist attractions such as the '3D museum', the 'Upside Down museum', 'Penang's Little India' Tourist Attractions:
- Pinang Peranakan Mansion
- biggest tourist attractions in Georgetown
- tour of the area , mansion costs up to RM300+,
- earning lots of money for the economy
- The cultural value draws in many tourists and has become a big part of the local, traditional aspect. Cultural Attractions:
- Fort Cornwallis
- One of the reminders of British rule over this region is the Fort Cornwallis.
- gives the visitors and idea of how the British conquerors maintained and controlled the area. Education Services:
- St Joseph's School
- International primary school in Georgetown
- Provides advanced education
- offers good education Why is it densely populated in Rio de janeiro? - correct answer Better healthcare, 72 in 2007 Better education 51% of the GDP in Rio is due to water trade This also means there are much supply of water
-Australia is very sparsely populated. The population of Australia is 23.13 million and a land area of 7.692 million km² Huge country but not many people Most of Australia deserts and inhabitable land -Death rates are low because of good diets, healthcare and living conditions Impacts of Australia being sparsely and underpopulated - correct answer -Resources are not used so they close down -Small army which makes the country vulnerable -Low income for the country GDP per capita is 50, 000 US dollars and it is falling -Not enough workers to exploit natural resources -When 43% of the population retires, there are less people paying taxes, so tax will raised. -Less innovation and development Push factors from Mexico to USA - correct answer -High poverty, 10th highest in the world -6% of the population don't have access to clean water -Mexican GDP per capita is $18, -Poor healthcare 1800 people per doctor
-4.75% of people are unemployed Pull factors to USA from Mexico - correct answer -Better healthcare 2.5 physicians per 1000 people -Better living standards: $53,041 GDP -99% of Americans can read and write: better education Barriers from USA - correct answer -There are American volunteers who patrol the border in order to prevent people from crossing into America -There is also the scorching desert between Mexico and USA, which can reach temperatures of up to 35ºC -There is also a fence between the border to get to mexico -Missing their families -Lack of food and water to sustain one during the journey. Positive and Negative impacts upon USA of migration - correct answer Positive -Mexican immigrants can perform all of the lower paid: cheap labour jobs Negative -11.7 million Mexican immigrants( too many) -Building walls[bad for economy and nature] to stop 500,000+ entering. -Ethnic tensions, competition for jobs
Landslides, flooding, extinction of plant and animal species Solutions to Kuala Lumpur's problems - correct answer Greenbelt: A greenbelt is an area of land around urban areas that protects from development. Brownfield land Greenfield land: The land has never been used before so is not polluted. Greenfield sites are often near the rural-urban fringe where transport links are good Planning restriction Urban redevelopment - pedestrianisation, one way systems etc Public transport -LRT etc - electric cars, improved bus network Impacts on Rio de janeiro as a result of rural urban migration - correct answer Lack of Housing for migrants. Forced to live in favelas where living conditions are worse These areas are illegal and are not supported by the government so there is no access to electricity, sewage systems. 30% of these residents don't have access to electricity or clean sanitation. Migrants tend to be poor and cannot afford healthcare increasing chances of disease spreading. Not enough jobs, cannot support family and aid economy. Workers make less than 100 $ a month Crime- more than 80 people are killed each day Pollution - litter, noise, air, deforestation
Solutions to improve living conditions in Rocinha - correct answer Housing- made of brick which is more durable and there is now an access to electricity Education- Amigos da Escola provides opportunity and education for young children. As a consequence, these children will likely become economically active, gain a job and therefore, aid the economy of the country. The Linha Vermelha and the Linha Amarela are two major roads that have been built to try and ease traffic congestion for commuters to Rio. Causes of Haiti Earthquake in 2010 - correct answer 13km, focus depth Epicentre is 25km from Port au Prince N. American plate and Caribbean plate 7 on the Richter scale Impacts of Haiti Earthquake in 2010 - correct answer 1,000,000 made homeless 220,000 dead Schools and hospitals destroyed Cholera outbreak Ruptured Gas lines Management of Haiti Earthquake in 2010 - correct answer Planning, UN summit conference
Planes grounded in Western Australia Management of Mount Merapi eruption - correct answer 210 evacuation centres 2682 permanent safer homes 1600 volunteers Red Cross After 2006 geology agency monitored the volcano and it became a level 4 at 25/10/ Seismometer Drills Gases given off Dome growth GPS Opportunities of Mount Merapi - correct answer Tourism Precious Minerals Fertile Soil Geothermal energy
Creation of new islands Causes of Boscastle flooding (river Valency) - correct answer Rainfall of over 60 mm in two hours (normally a months worth) Water unable to infiltrate into soil due to saturation Impermeable rock - slate Topography- a steep-sided valley, acted as a funnel directing vast volumes of water into the village Trees and other materials got stuck under the bridge, causing it to overflow Lack of vegetation to soak up water Impacts of Boscastle flood - correct answer Shops and businesses ruined such as the museum of witchcraft and magic and the riverside guest and accommodation 70 cars swept into the sea Several insurance claims Solutions to future flooding - correct answer Redesigned the bridge- widened Culverts were constructed The river Valency was widened and deepened £ 4.5 million spent on flood defence schemes.
Development of new facilities because of tourism Hospitals Restaurants Development of new infrastructure New airports, roads bridges Development of attractions and entertainment Why is it hot and dry in the Sahara Desert? - correct answer The heat concentrated on the equator, warms up the air there. This then rises, and loses moisture in the form of precipitation. The dry cold air then slides towards the north and south creating high pressure in the desert. The condensed moisture in the equator creates precipitation solely at the equator, leaving very little precipitation, hence the low average rainfall of only 218mm a year. The lack of cloud coverage, allows the sun's rays to reach the desert easily without any type of interception, creating an extremely hot climate with temperatures going up to 35C CCA - Curvature, Concentration and Albedo Plant adaptations in a desert - correct answer A full grown saguaro cactus can hold up to 200 gallons of water to survive droughts Cacti have spikes instead of leaves to minimize evapotranspiration and retain more water Cacti have a thick waxy skin and large fleshy stem to help them store water
They have shallow wide spread roots that go deep into the soil to search for water Animal adaptations in a desert - correct answer Camels Thick, long eyelashes to prevent sand getting in their eyes Humps to store fat Wide feet for less pressure on sand Thick lips to eat spiky plants without pain Plant adaptations in Borneo (Hot and wet climate) - correct answer Buttress Roots- For trees that grow on the canopy and emergent layer, they require a large amount of stability. Therefore, these trees have developed buttress roots which are anchored into the ground to prevent the tree from falling over. Drip Tip Leaves- The annual rainfall in Borneo is 4,000mm per year which has caused a relative humidity of 80%. This causes a lack of air circulation so a plant cannot evaporate the water in their leaves. As a consequence, plants have developed drip tips which run water of the surface when there is a period of high rainfall to prevent too much water building up. Lianas- This is a wood climbing plant that hangs and climbs up trees that are high up in the emergent layer. As a consequence, this enables the lianas to receive sunlight so they are able to photosynthesise, acquiring the nutrients needed for their survival. Causes of Borneo deforestation - correct answer Logging- Many people make a living off logging as it is their job. Therefore, they need to cut down trees in order to earn money to purchase essential requirements such as food and water. Population Pressure- Not enough land available in Borneo is enough to sustain the population. Therefore, the government needs to cut down trees in order to provide flat land to build houses.
Help develop wealth and technology Invest in RnD Money earned goes back to local economy Improve workers education and skills Allows Nokia access to different markets. Avoid taxes imposed on trading from outside that continent. Some countries, especially LEDCs, have relaxed working regulations allowing Nokia's employees to work longer hours for less money. This helps to increase Nokia's profits. Locating in MEDCs allows Nokia access to good infrastructure so they can move goods around quickly and easily. Negative impacts of globalisation (Nokia) - correct answer Workers are poorly paid Most of profits go abroad Cause negative externalities such as pollution Minerals are exported Geographically mobile, they can move their location to a different country without prior notice. Inputs, processes and outputs of rice farm in Langkawi - correct answer Beras Fertilisers Temperature has to be over 21°C High rainfall (2500 mm of rainfall in Langkawi) Ploughing with water buffalo Nursery Threshing Grinding
Nasi (rice) Catfish Cow dung Reasons for location of rice farm in Langkawi - correct answer Tropical climate = high rainfall and temperature Fertile labour Cheap labour costs Causes of food shortages in Swaziland - correct answer Erratic climate Nearly 70% of the population are depend on growing their own food but it Swaziland prone to droughts and floods Desertification and erosion Poverty 63% live below the poverty line High rates of unemployment Pests (Human) disease, HIV/AIDS Affects 26% of those aged 15-49 and 42% of pregnant women Lack of technology Must rely on manual labour and long work hours 1.8% population growth rate Solutions to food shortage in Swaziland - correct answer Food aid Healthy food to 52000 vulnerable children Revert to cash crops Sugar is the biggest industry, employing 93000 people Many subsistence farmers have abandoned crops to join cooperatives, very risky if sugar prices fluctuate Government investment in irrigation, fertilisers and machinery
