Questions
2.1
Show the effect of overall fuel-air equivalence ratio,
on CO, HC and NOx emissions
for DI diesel engines on the same lines as the Fig 2.2.
2.2
Plot NO concentration versus
for a CI and a SI engine on the same graph. Explain the
differences between the trends for the two engines, if any.
2.3
Calculate average molar specific heat of combustion products of octane and air at
= 1.0.
Compare it with that of air. Discuss why EGR is more effective than simply leaning of
charge in reduction of NO formation. The average molar specific heats in 300-
2500K
temperature range are; N2 = 33.75, O2 = 35.59, CO2 = 55.37, H2O = 44.94 kJ/kmol.K
2.4
Characteristic time, tNO in seconds for NO to reach equilibrium value during
combustion is given by Where
T is in K, P in
atm.
Calculate tNO
for the charge elements that burn early and achieve average temperature
equal to 2800ºK and pressure 30 atm. What would be tNO for another
charge element
burning late in the cycle when combustion temperature and pressure
are 2000 K and 18
atm? If the engine speed is 4000 rpm how many degrees crank angles are required to
reach equilibrium value for NO in each case.
2.5
A single cylinder SI engine has 75 x75 mm bore x stroke and 8.5:1 CR, piston top land
has 9 mm height and its diameter is 74.4 mm.
Mixture conditions are 340 K and 100 kPa
at the beginning of compression. Engine volumetric efficiency is 0.8 and mixture before
entering the cylinder is at 300 K. The gas in the crevice can be assumed
at wall
temperature equal 400 K. If peak cylinder pressure is 40 bar. Calculate;
(i) the mass fraction of fresh mixture contained in piston-
cylinder crevice at the point
of peak pressure.
(ii) If one third of the crevice gas remains unburn
ed what would be specific HC mass
emissions (g of HC/kWh), the brake specific fuel consumption of the engine is 300
g/kWh.
2.6
In a diesel engine, HC emissions with nozzle sac volume of 0.2 mm3 and 1.4 mm3 were
seen to be 125 ppm and 500 ppm HC emissions, respectively.
Assuming variation in HC
emissions with nozzle sac volume is linear, what is the contribution of fuel contained in
nozzle orifice to HC emissions?
If injector has five nozzle holes of length/diameter ratio
(ln/dn) = 4, calculate the dia of nozzle holes.
2.7
Calculate critical fuel-air equivalence ratio above formation of soot may be expected
theoretically when methane, benzene and typical diesel fuel (CH2)n are burned.
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