Download EDF 6222 Final Exam Questions and Answers: A Comprehensive Guide to Behavioral Analysis and more Exams Behavioural Science in PDF only on Docsity!
EDF
EDF 6222 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 100%
GUARANTEED PASS (2025/2026)
Being scientifically skeptical means that until there is available ______ assumptions should not be made - ANS ✓Evidence More stated ____ predispose an individual's susceptibility to influence from the ____. We must be careful not to assert that genes ____ behavior, rather they set up the physical basis for the processes and structures that participate in behaviour. - ANS ✓Genes, Environment, Cause It is also widely misunderstood that operant conditioning suggests that organisms cannot control their own behavior due to lack of ____. - ANS ✓Freewill When reinforcement is no longer present the behavior undergoes ____. ___ Reduced future instances of a behavior but it is never responsible for _____ - ANS ✓Extinction, Punishment, Skill acquisition Although the process of learning may appear to be trial and error, we must be careful not to assume that non-responses are ______. When we make a given consequence contingent upon certain physical properties of behavior, the ____ of that behavior will increase - ANS ✓Errors, Frequency Because we cannot predict a ____ that has already occurred, we posit that similar responses in the future will occur. - ANS ✓Response
EDF
Resistance to ___ cannot be determined without an accurate account of the reinforcement history. So, responses that were not reinforced for very long will be extinguished _____ than those with a longer history of reinforcement.
- ANS ✓Extinction, Sooner We can define purpose behaviourally by suggesting that there is a ___ between the behavior and the environment - ANS ✓Functional Relationship Lattal reminded us that ____ reinforcers is redundant. The very nature of the definition is that if it ____ behavior, it is a reinforcer - ANS ✓Effective, Increases Various verbal communities will influence the ___ of the speaker. This is not only how we acquire different languages and various dialects, but also what is ___. Although the verbal repertoire is shaped by the audience, once established, verbal behavior can occur ____ without any environmental support - ANS ✓Repertoire, Socially appropriate, Spontaneously ____ should be defined by whether or not the behavior of the speaker is reinforced by the listener. What practitioners usually mean when they say non-verbal is non-vocal. - ANS ✓Communication, Vocal Meanings of the words are actually contingencies that have been shaped by the listener and their _____. The repertoires between the speaker and the listener are different unlike psychological views of meaning in which we impart our knowledge to the ____ - ANS ✓Responses, Listener Something peculiar occurs when we record our language. The entire ____ is unavailable. - ANS ✓Behavior Analysis More complex language can simply be explained by ___ as opposed to referent. - ANS ✓Stimulus Control
EDF
Stimuli related to the digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems - ANS ✓Interoceptive Identified by the position and movement of the body in space - ANS ✓Proprioceptive Stimuli concerned with the senses and its effect on the world - ANS ✓Exteroceptive Skinner discussed many other conditions in which the community can shape responses at the risk of being _____ at times. These include probable behavior, ___ behavior, past behavior, (where we use vocab acquired from ___ behavior but the speaker must have had the experience of being present in the past)___ behavior (Covert behavior is discussed in depth in science and human behavior but is essentially describing ____ conditions associated with ____ behavior).` - ANS ✓Incorrect, Perceptual, Current, Covert, Private, Public Based on the ____ of their thumb muscle, rewards were given. Nonetheless, the ___ of this tension increased in participants. This was an example of a ____ that the participants were unable to describe what the contingencies were - ANS ✓Tension, Frequency, Private event We now can understand why behavior analysts disagree with the ___ view that mental causes mediate the relationship between the environment and the ____ - ANS ✓Traditional, Behavior Jay Moore stated that we can make introspective statements about our feelings, but statements about what caused them to engage in some form of behavior in the _____ .... - ANS ✓Past Luckily, ___ are rarely crucial in the practical ___ of human behavior - ANS ✓Private events, Control
EDF
A ___ is an arm or leg that lingers indefinitely in the minds of patients long after it has been lost - ANS ✓Phantom Limb Skinner stated, mental life and the world in which it is lived are ____. Thinking is ____. The mistake is in allocating the behavior to the ___. - ANS ✓Inventions, Behaving, Mind Application of a behavioral analysis to other _____ behaviors such as discrimination, decision-making and concept formation not only elucidates process by which theses behaviors are learned, it also allows for further investigation into how such behaviors might be ___ and _____ - ANS ✓Covert, Taught, Improved Skinners writings that has addressed by ____ it is incorrect to presume that the ____ we eventually emit is somehow stored somewhere inside of us. They simply ___ it instead, the response exists in our ____ and the contingencies exist in our _____ and we are able to emit the responses when we manipulate conditions. - ANS ✓Mentalistic, Explanations, Responses, Change, Histories A response is ____. Problem solving is not emitting the ___ response, however it is the manipulation that occurs that makes that response more ____. - ANS ✓Emitted, Terminal, Probable The notion of having an idea has a similar behavioral analysis. A ___ exists with some strength in the repertoire of the individual and is emitted via manipulation of some features of the environment that make the response more likely, in combination with ____ and ____ that make the response appear novel. - ANS ✓Verbal response, Stimulus, Response generalization The ___ is most commonly used as a hypothetical cause of action. So long as ____ variables go unnoticed or are ignored, their ____ is assigned to an originating agent within the organism. - ANS ✓Self, External, Function
EDF
Schneider also defines differential reinforcement for ___ of responding with an excellent example. - ANS ✓Low-Rates Avoiding an ___ stimulus can be more rewarding than receiving preferred items. For example, sometimes working to avoid a negative can actually be _____ - ANS ✓Negative, Pleasurable The matching law is _____ relationship between rates of response and the rates of reinforcement in ___ schedules. - ANS ✓Quantitative, Concurrent According to Skinner, the term ____ may be understood as the type of reinforcer that is effective for a particular person - ANS ✓Value According to Moore our systems of laws assumes that individuals have ___ and know right from wrong as a moral issue at the time of any action. If the individuals nevertheless break the law, they are deemed responsible for their behavior and subject to punishment by a ____ authority. However, this brings up several questions for behavior analysts. First, if the goal is to reduce the rate of punished behavior, how do we know that punishment will be an ____ procedure? Also if behavior is ___ then the individual's behavior was not the result of free will. - ANS ✓Free will, Governmental, Effective, Determined Punishment is a destructive process, rather than a ___ process. Punishment becomes an instrument of exploitation and ___ rather than education and _____ - ANS ✓Constructive, Coercion, Instruction Punishment may disrupt many different forms of behavior, including ___ forms and be counterproductive in the long term - ANS ✓Unpunished Respondent conditioning can be responsible for fatalities related to drug use, especially if the drug is ingested in the same ___. When the drug user goes to a regular place to ingest drugs, the body makes ___ changes to
EDF
prepare for the drug. This allows for tolerance because the environment becomes a ___ stimulus. - ANS ✓Environment, Physiological, Conditioned Drug tolerance can cause the user to increase to dosages that are fatal. Or, if the person uses the drug in a new environment, but at the same level, the ___ stimulus is removed and the body does not adequately prepare for the ingestion of drugs - ANS ✓Conditioned While exploring ____ in mice, Dr, Ader used a substance called cyclophosphamide to induce vomiting. Slowly, he added saccharin to the mixture. After the quantity of saccharin increased, he slowly started to remove the cyclophosphamide. Not only did ____ alone induce vomiting, but also caused suppression of the immune system. - ANS ✓Food aversion, Saccharin Unfortunately, a lot of interventions so far have included ____. This aversive intervention is a recipe for disaster if you consider food aversion and _____ - ANS ✓Escape- extinction, Respondent Conditioning Frying et al established an ___ based intervention for food selectivity using the ___ sequence. Benefits of this intervention included that it was ____ to implement, that parents were much more comfortable implementing this intervention, and that increased food acceptance ____ to other environments. - ANS ✓Antecedent, High-p, easy, generalized The US office of technology assessment estimates that only ___ of modern medical treatments in common use have been proved as effective - ANS ✓1/5th _____ demonstrated that although children from different backgrounds typically develop language around the same age, the rate of vocab growth is related to the number of words spoken to the children by their parents. - ANS ✓Hart and Risley (1995)
EDF
praise when it is not warranted, it tends to be ____. Specific, ____ and warranted praise is the kind we need to increase - ANS ✓Empty, Warranted, Specific, Generic Schneider does point out that this does not mean you should avoid letting children ____. They do need to experience true, ____ consequences for mistakes. This is where parents adopt ___ learning in all aspects of parenting - ANS ✓Fail, Negative, Errorless Behaviors related to the harmful things often has ____ negative consequences. Delay and ___ are the reasons self defeating behavior is not easily punished and immediacy and certainty are reasons some self defeating behavior is easily ____. Self control can be aided by ____. Simply keeping track of progress can be as rewarding as the end goal. - ANS ✓Delayed, Uncertainty, Reinforced, Self monitoring Schneider also discussed how following rules could be rewarding. Even more effective is that expectations are ____ and ____ that the rules are imposed by someone else. - ANS ✓Clear, Concise Skinner stated ___ is an important function of a culture. - ANS ✓Education Allow students to explore what interests them by setting the ___ as the teacher with minimal interference from adults. The real world is not an effective ____. A physical environment breeds awkward, dangerous, ____ behavior and a social environment breeds hostile as well as friendly behavior, selfish as well as generous. - ANS ✓Environment, Teacher, Superstitious Arranging contingencies that facilitate ____. Behavior analysts also avoid making internal attribution about supposed underlying ___ of students which means behavior analysts do not see themselves as gatekeepers in the educational process: rather they look at the ___ of the learning situation to understand why learning has or has not taken place. - ANS ✓Learning, Abilities, Contingencies
EDF
Moore reviewed how some of the very first human applications of operant conditioning actually derived from those diagnosed with a _____ ______ - ANS ✓Mental Illness Traditional viewpoints to serving the mentally ill often involve ___ explanations of ____ causes. - ANS ✓Mentalistic, Unobservable The best explanation to why therapy works sometimes is we all want ___ reinforcement - ANS ✓Social A lot of clinical work related to behavior problems that take place in institutional settings are facilitated mostly by the benefit of ___ and are unaware of the overuse of ____ measures - ANS ✓Staff, Coercive Misuses of reinforcement tends to utilize socially contrived ____. This intervention is essentially a ___ procedure and has been a widely accepted form of attempted punishment because it instils no ____ however as Sidman eloquently stated, the cruelty lies less in the method than in the _____ - ANS ✓Deprivation, Timeout, Plan, Outcome Contrived deprivation should not be confused with ___ states of deprivation
- ANS ✓Natural ___ behaviors are not shaped, ____ as measures do not provide reinforcement of adaptable skills. - ANS ✓Appropriate, Coercive The stature of power that one in uniform exerts over a citizen is a ___ that confounds the relationship between citizen and officer. Examples such as the Stanford prison experiments support the ____ nature that exists when one group of people exert power over others - ANS ✓Stimulus Coercive People build trust by ___ pleasant actions with police officers - ANS ✓Pairing
EDF
"_____ is more than the mere description of events as they occur. It is an attempt to discover order, to show that certain events stand in ____ to other events" - ANS ✓Science, Lawful relations In Pavlov's early research, he did not jump to conclusions to suggest that the dog was 'thinking' of food, and therefore salivating. Instead, he carefully controlled conditions that allowed him to show that particular stimuli can 'acquire' the ability to elicit secretion. His careful analysis of the scientific method allowed him to avoid both ___ and _____ fiction - ANS ✓Mentalistic, Explanatory The evolutionary explanation for reflexes indicates that they are for the survival of the organism. However, we know all too well that sometimes responses can be conditioned that serve no purpose- even add a _____ purpose - to our complex lives - ANS ✓Debilitating Skinner informed us 'although the process of ___ greatly extends the cope of the eliciting stimulus, it does not bring all of the behavior of the organism within such _______. Conditioning can add numerous different eliciting stimuli, but will never fashion a ____ response - ANS ✓Conditioning, Stimulus control, Novel According to Skinner, contingencies of reinforcement have an edge over contingencies of survival because contingencies of reinforcement "Have the edge with ____ and ______ the conditions under which a species acquires behavior are relatively ____ and can often be manipulated" - ANS ✓Prediction, Control, Accessible Is the learned behaviors of a particular animal during its lifetime - ANS ✓Ontogeny Is behaviors that have been passed down over the lifetime of the entire species - ANS ✓Phylogeny
EDF
It can be difficult to distinguish between ontogenetic and phylogenic established behaviors. For a person viewing a complex ___ for the first time, it may seem mysterious. But each step of the chain can be traced back to the shaping process. Just because the shaping process was not observed, it does not mean that it was not ______. However when we view a spider spin a web, "no comparable history can be invoked" to determine the phylogenic contingencies at work. - ANS ✓Chain, Learned Moore stated ____ predispose an individuals susceptibility to influence from the ____ we must be careful not to assert that genes ______ behavior - ANS ✓Genes, Environment, Cause Imitative responses necessarily require the learner to orient toward the ___ rather than the topographical correspondence of their behavior with respect to the model - ANS ✓Model The use of the mirror provides the additional feedback required to receive ____ of the model - ANS ✓Discriminative control The most substantial origins of our understanding of operant behavior derived from Darwin's controversial idea that humans were not unique in their ability to _____ - ANS ✓Think Thorndike's ____ succinctly explained that organisms tend to learn new things when behaviors are followed by ____ stimuli and that behaviors tend to ___ when followed by negative stimuli - ANS ✓Law of effect, Pleasant, Decrease
