Download Developmental Disabilities Mod 1 Exam Questions And Complete Answers. and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
Developmental Disabilities Mod 1 Exam Questions
And Complete Answers
DSM V - answer Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- Social communication impairment: Must exhibit all 3
- Restricted interests/repetitive behaviors: Must exhibit 2+ - answer DSM V criteria domains for ASD Social communication impairment: Must exhibit all 3 (DSM V criteria domain) - answer ●Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity ●Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction ●Deficits in developing and maintaining relationships appropriate to developmental level Restricted interests/repetitive behaviors: Must exhibit 2+ (DSM V criteria domain) - answer ●Stereotyped or repetitive speech, motor movements, or use of objects ●Excessive adherence to routines, ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behaviors, or excessive resistance to change ●Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity of focus ●Hyper-or hypo- reactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspect of environment DSM V Criteria - answer ●any known genetic cause (e.g. fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome) ●level of language and intellectual disability ●presence of associated medical conditions: seizures, anxiety, depression, and/or gastrointestinal (GI) problems ●Symptoms must be present in early childhood, although may not be fully manifest until later ●Symptoms must cause impairment in the individual's everyday functioning
autism - answer According to IDEA, blank is a separate category of disability that may require special education services autism - answer A developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication, and social interaction, generally evident before 3, that adversely affect a child's communicative performance evident before 3 years old, stable diagnosis usually made before or around 2nd birthday - answer ASD age of onset Social Communication Disorder - answer an impairment of pragmatics and is diagnosed based on difficulty in the social uses of verbal and nonverbal communication in naturalistic contexts, which affects the development of social relationships and discourse comprehension and cannot be explained by low abilities in the domains of word structure and grammar or general cognitive ability social communication disorder is a diagnosis of disability in social communication without the presence of repetitive behavior, therefore excluding the person from ASD diagnosis - answer what differentiates social communication disorder from ASD? 1 in 44 American children - answer ASD prevalence 4 - answer ASD is blank times more common in boys than girls False - 4x more common in boys - answer T/F: ASD is more common in girls. 61-97% - answer what % of children w ASD receive SPED? True - answer T/F: Most of the developmental neurobiology of autism remains speculative and unconfirmed and there is no single cause.
- genetic
- neurobiological
- environmental - answer what are the different sets of causal factors for ASD?
- more boys than girls have ASD likely d/t differences associated with x chromosome
- high likelihood that a twin who shares same DNA (identical) as the other twin will also have ASD
- fraternal twins have a low concordance rate
ASD - answer There is a focus on pre- and post-natal environmental factors, especially: diet, drug exposure, environmental toxins environmental factors of... reasons for increased prevalence of ASD - answer ●Increased awareness by physicians and psychologists who make the diagnosis ●The broadening of the classification (DSM V diagnosis) ●Service availability
- hand biting
- head banging
- self-hitting - answer what are some self-injurious behaviors of ASD?
- sounds, humming
- head rolling
- body rocking
- tip toe walking
- odd body postures
- hand flapping - answer what are some stereotyped repetitive behaviors of ASD? true - answer T/F: stereotyped repetitive behaviors of ASD may be more sensory in nature than communicative.
- Limited interests
- Preoccupations with movement or objects
- Rigidity to rules - answer what are some compulsive/restrictive behaviors of ASD? ●Unvarying pattern of daily activities - eat same thing, dressing routines in same order, may or may not be functional ●Resistant to change/transitions - anxiety provoking - answer what are some ritualistic behaviors of ASD? ●Differences are expressed through hypersensitivity (overreactive) or hyposensitivity (underreactive). ●Respond in an unusual manner to: sounds, pain, taste, light or color, temperature, smells and be able to detect smells other can't ●Seeks activities that provide touch, pressure, or movement ●Avoid activities that provide touch, pressure, or movement (tight fitting clothes, hugging)
- answer what are some sensory differences of ASD? False - ALL definitions of autism include a language impairment - answer T/F: autism does not have to include a language impairment.
- lack of joint attention
- failure to attend to speech - answer what are some early predictors of ASD and whether or not language will be mildly or severely delayed? Failure to reach milestones:
use and understanding ●Failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to his/her age ●Don't seek to share enjoyment ●Don't typically share interests ●Don't show, bring, or point out objects of interest ●Don't play social games ●Prefer to play alone ●May be oblivious to other children "tune out the world" ●May have no concept of other's needs ●May not notice when someone is distressed - answer what are some social and communicative differences in ASD? ●Are concrete thinkers: literal in understanding of certain concepts ●Display poor problem-solving skills: look at details and not at bigger picture ●Demonstrate poor organizational skills. ●Have attention problems. ●Have strong impulses. ●Easily distracted by unrelated details: has difficulty knowing what is relevant or makes off-topic comments ●Has difficulty understanding the connection between behavior and resulting consequences (cause and effect): often will require direct instruction in this skill ●Recalls information inconsistently: what they know one day, they may not know the next day ●May display extensive knowledge in narrow areas of interest. - answer what are some cognitive differences in ASD?
●Have difficulty applying learned skills in new settings (generalization, carry-over). ●Display weaknesses in reading comprehension despite strong word recognition abilities (Hyperlexia - ability to read fluently and decode, but may not comprehend) - answer what are some cognitive-academic differences in ASD?
- aversion to hand writing
- difficulty with PE or athletics
- balance difficulties: clumsiness, awkward gait
- Displays unusual body postures and movements or facial expressions: freezing, facial grimace
- difficulty starting or completing actions - answer what are some motor differences in ASD? ●easily stressed (esp in social or overstimulating settings) ●Exhibit rage reactions or meltdowns (may be communicative in nature) ●May injure self. ●Make suicidal comments or gestures ●difficulty tolerating mistakes (their own or others) ●low frustration tolerance. ●low self-esteem (tied to suicidal thoughts) ●difficulty identifying, quantifying, expressing, and/or controlling emotions (want to give language to express rather than display challenging behaviors) ●limited understanding of their own and other's emotional responses. ●Difficulty managing stress and/or anxiety. - answer what are some emotional differences in ASD?
showing (joint attention: initiation) - answer child holds toy out to adult to share attention give to share (joint attention: initiation) - answer clear attempt to give an adult a toy for the sole purpose of sharing point (joint attention: initiation) - answer points to an object to direct attention to thing of interest following point (joint attention: responses) - answer skill after an adult points to an object, where child responds by following adult's point and looks at item/action following gaze (joint attention: responses) - answer child follows adults gaze to look at something Theory of Central Coherence - answer theory of ASD describing an individual's inability to interpret context/integrate information into a meaningful whole.
- individuals focus on identifying parts, details, or subtle differences.
- hinders language development and social functioning (deficits in drawing conclusions, interpreting info based on context, and inferencing)
- interview
- observation
- testing - answer A comprehensive evaluation for determining eligibility for pre-school based special education services consists of at least 3 phases:
40% - answer Approximately blank % of individuals with ASD do not develop functional speech and fall into the category of non-verbal. 25-30% - answer blank % of individuals with ASD will demonstrate language skills and then regress as they grow older. This will occur about 1-2 years of age. 90% - answer blank % of individuals with ASD have sensory abnormalities, such as over or under arousal or sensitivity 41% - answer blank % of individuals with ASD have intellectual disabilities 61-97% - answer blank % of individuals with ASD will require special education services echolalia - answer The socially awkward or inappropriate verbatim repetition of part or all of a previously spoken utterance palilalia - answer usually considered a disorder of speech and not of language. It manifests as a delayed repetition of words or phrases that are just uttered by the client delayed echolalia - answer repetition of an utterance more than 2 conversational turns after initial utterance immediate echolalia - answer immediate repetition of an utterance immediate interactive echolalia - answer type of echolalia produced for a communicative
- Contexts that cause anxiety, fear, distress, and/or elation.
- Stimuli that were presented in modalities in which the child is hypersensitive (e.g., audition, tactile, kinesthetic, vestibular, and/or visual) interactional variables - answer one or more of the following variables that may result in echolalia:
- Complex linguistic input
- High-constraint linguistic input
- Partner's directive interaction style person-specific variables - answer one or more of the following variables that may result in echolalia:
- Language comprehension difficulties
- Gestalt style of language learning and use gestalt language development - answer remembering and producing language as a whole unit that has one communicative intention
- word strings that are echoed verbatim
- comprehended as a whole message, not individual units
- not altered for specific situations Cues-Pause-Point - answer - tx for immediate echolalia that occurs after being asked a question
- Show cue card and have child say what is on the card
- Pause and hold up index finger to indicate "quiet"
- Ask question - pause - point to card and ask what is on it
- Praise and acknowledge correct reply Script Training and Visual Cues - answer - tx for delayed echolalia
- uses written out scripts with pictures to help teach a person what is an acceptable communication exchange for a situation
- address a particular social situation
- Prompts are gradually faded so the client has to provide more and more of the language of the script on his or her own Angelman syndrome - answer - genetic disorder that affects the nervous system, muscles, skull, and other aspects of the body
- includes developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, communication and swallowing impairments, and motor problems
- seizure disorders are common CP or ASD due to motor components and language deficits - answer Angelman syndrome is commonly misdiagnosed as birth, 6-12 mo - answer Angelman syndrome is present since blank and diagnosed at blank Angelman syndrome - answer Involvement of the ubiquitin-protein ligase gene (UBE3A) on the 15th chromosome, caused in multiple ways:
- Large deletion in the long arm of the 15th chromosome, inherited from the mother
- Mutation of UBE3A (maternal copy)
- Uniparental disomy (inherited both copies from father)
•Excessive chewing/mouthing behaviors •Strabismus receptive language characteristics of Angelman syndrome - answer •Receptive skills are more developed than expressive language skills. •Vocabulary skills are significantly reduced. •Sentence comprehension is limited. expressive language characteristics of Angelman syndrome - answer •Lack of cooing or babbling •Lack of vocalizations •Limited use of nonspeech communication •Little or no functional speech: rely on nonverbal communication •repertoire: vowels and easy consonants (inconsistent) •good candidates for AAC cognition characteristics of Angelman syndrome - answer •Severe to profound deficits •Difficulties with learning, attention, and memory •Problems understanding the purpose of objects •Problems with abstract thinking •Problems imitating swallowing characteristics of Angelman syndrome - answer •Infants: poor suckling and sucking capabilities •Children: different problems with Rumination
oPica oExcessively putting their hands in their mouths •May have gastroesophageal reflux disorder behavior characteristics of Angelman syndrome - answer •Unusually happy •Characteristics include:
- Excitability/hyperactivity
- Smiling
- Laughter
- Hand flapping
- Attention deficit treatment for Angelman syndrome - answer •Prognosis: poor •Other treatments:
- Medications (constipation, seizures, sleep issues, GERD)
- Ankle braces/PT to help with walking
- Modified feeding techniques for infants (ex. modified breast feeding)
- Early intervention for speech, cognition, OT, etc. Prader-Willi Syndrome - answer •Complex multisystem genetic disorder that affects many developmental areas •Prevalence: 1 in 8,000-25,000 live births •Males and females affected equally
•Micrognathia are facial features of... Prader-Willi Syndrome - answer - Hypotonia
- Narrow palatal arch
- Micrognathia
- slow rate of speech and imprecise articulation
- poor speech sound dev. and reduced oral-motor skills
- weak articulators d/t hypotonia
- may present as flaccid dysarthria and non developmental phonological processes
- reduced tongue elevation and slower alternating movement
- sound distortions, sound omissions, vowel errors, simplification of blends, and difficulty sequencing syllables speech characteristics of... Prader-Willi Syndrome - answer •Hypo/hypernasality: velum is affected •Inadequate vocal intensity •Harsh/hoarse voice •Pitch disorder •reduced breath support Respiratory, Resonatory and Phonatory Skills of...
Prader-Willi Syndrome - answer •Poor receptive and expressive language skills •Pragmatic language weaknesses •Intellectual disabilities •short-term memory deficits •poor narrative retell and sequencing •shorter MLU •strengths in long-term memory and wide range of expressive language language and cognitive characteristics of ... Prader-Willi Syndrome - answer •Irritability (esp during transitions) •Anger •Temper tantrums •Stubbornness •Low frustration tolerance •Anxiety •Compulsive eating (hyperphagia) •Self-injurious behaviors like skin picking behavioral characteristics of ... Prader-Willi Syndrome - answer co-morbidities of blank : •Obesity
