CHAPTER 1: Historical Development Of Criminology, Slides of Criminology

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COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

EDUCATION

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

EDUCATION

REPUBLICAN COLLEGE

PHINMA EDUCATION

REPUBLICAN COLLEGE

PHINMA EDUCATION

The definition of criminology is:

• (^) The scientific study of crimes and its nature
• (^) Derived from the Latin word “Crimen” which can be translated to “Offense”
• (^) Logos - means to study
• (^) Coined the word criminology by a Frenchman, Paul Topinard What is Criminology? PAUL TOPINARD

FIVE PHASES OF CRIMINOLOGYFIVE PHASES OF CRIMINOLOGY The First Two Phases were:

• (^) Early origins
• (^) Dark Ages The Third Phase:
• (^) Classical & Neo-classical criminology (18th^ century) Fourth Phase:
• (^) Positivist criminology (19th^ century) Fifth Phase:
• (^) Independent criminology (20th^ century)

Code of Hamurabi (1750-1799 B.C)

• (^) is a well-known example of the ancient precept of "lex talionis," or law of retribution, a type of retaliatory justice associated with the phrase "an eye for an eye.“ Mosaic Code (1200 B.C)
• (^) The foundation of Judeo-Christian moral teachings, but it is also a basis for the U.S. legal system Roman Law/Twelve Tables (451 B.C)
• (^) Were formulated by a special commission of ten men in response to pressure from the lower classes, the plebeians.

ANCIENT LEGAL CODE ANCIENT LEGAL CODE

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DARK AGES CRIMINOLOGYDARK AGES CRIMINOLOGY

• (^) Early formal legal code were lost;
• (^) Which last for hundreds of years after the fall of Rome.
• (^) They believed on witches or possessed by demons.
• (^) Religious controlled the justice system by trying cases according to local custom and rule.
• (^) Criminal Ordinance of 1670 – the 1st^ attempt to codify legal sanctions
• (^) The dark ages was harsh, less forgiving, and certainly much less understanding.

• (^) Life was still harsh
• (^) The people lived in terrible squalor
• (^) Less than of all people born reached 20
• (^) Only 30% made it to age 40
• (^) The primary food was bread, often baked in huge loaves
• (^) The urban poor drink foul water and rancid food
• (^) Alcoholism was a significant problem
• (^) The overpopulated and underfed cities became breeding grounds for crime
• (^) In England, law reform acts of 1772 and 1758 added more than 350 crimes for which the punishment was death
• (^) Crime was viewed as a rebellious act against the political structure
• (^) In later decades, unfair punishments, inherited power etc. would help produce revolutions first in the American colonies, then in France, and much later Russia.

CLASSICAL AND NEO-CLASSICAL

th

Century)

CLASSICAL AND NEO-CLASSICAL

th

Century)

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POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGY ( th Century) POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGY ( th Century)

• (^) The scientific method began to take hold in Europe
• (^) New discoveries in biology, astronomy, and chemist Two main elements of Positivist Criminology 1 st - The belief that human behavior is a function of external forces that are beyond individual control. 2 nd - The embrace of the scientific method to solve problems.
• (^) They challenged the concept of “soul” that cannot be verified by the scientific method
• (^) Cult of science - All human activity could be verified by scientific principles
• (^) Survival of the fittest – A process of evolution and natural selection in which the strongest survived
• (^) Positivism dominated all scientific inquiry and was considered the modern way of doing things.

BIOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGYBIOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY

• (^) According to Aristotle the personality is determined by the shape of the skull.
• (^) Criminal behavior and body type has been traced back to the 1500s. Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)
• (^) He investigated the bumps and other irregularities of the skull of inmates of penal institutions and asylums Phrenology – based on the proposition that the exterior of skull corresponds to the interior of the brain’s conformation

PSYCHOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGYPSYCHOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY

• (^) Psychologist attempted to explain criminal behavior by means of the inherited traits we no call intelligence
• (^) Early attempts to link criminal and other forms of anti-social behavior with mental retardation
• (^) Researchers concluded that mental retardation was the cause of crime Psychiatry – is a field of medicine in the understanding of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental problems. Psychoanalysis – is a branch of psychiatry based on the theories of Sigmund Freud William Healy – He believed that the only way to find the roots or causes of delinquents was to delve into the individual’s background

INDEPENDENT CRIMINOLOGYINDEPENDENT CRIMINOLOGY

• (^) While Carl Marx did not attempt to develop a theory of crime and justice, his writing were applied to legal studies
• (^) This writings laid the foundation for Marxist criminology
• (^) Marxist theory had an important impact on criminology
• (^) The assassinations of John Kennedy and Martin Luther King symbolized the feeling that people who fought for freedom and equality would be crushed by the system they opposed

• (^) Biological and psychological views of crime have also undergone considerable evolution.
• (^) Criminologist no longer believed that a single trait or inherited characteristics can explain crime
• (^) Some are convinced that biological and psychological traits interact with environmental factors to influence all human behavior, including criminality
• (^) Sociological theories have continued to dominate the field

CONTEMPORARY CRIMINOLOGYCONTEMPORARY CRIMINOLOGY

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PERSPECTIVE ON CRIMINOLOGYPERSPECTIVE ON CRIMINOLOGY

• (^) Criminology is not a discipline in itself but rather a sphere of study
• (^) It has entered into a new era in which standard ideas are being revised or replaced by fresh theoretical and empirical investigations
• (^) Orthodox criminologist accept the state’s definition of crime as normative without examining the power relations
• (^) Example of issues which require a critical criminology lens might be the global war on terror