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BIOD 331 Module 2 Pathophysiology Exam 2025 |
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What 2 ways are tumor markers present? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------
- Antigens expressed on he surface of tumor cells
- Substances released from normal cells in response to the presence of a tumor What 3 ways are tumor markers used? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------1. Establishing prognosis
- Monitoring treatment
- Detecting recurrent disease What are some limitations of tumor markers? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----1. Under benign conditions, most tumor markers can be elevated
- Most markers are not elevated in the early stages of malignancy After treatment of cancer, if tumor markers begin to rise, this can indicate what? - --------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A recurrence of cancer
Pap tests are primarily used for cervical cancer screenings, but may be used on other secretions. What are they? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Pleural/peritoneal fluid, nipple drainage, gastric and anal washings Tissue biopsies can be obtained through a variety of methods. Name a few. --------
- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------1. Needle
- Endoscopic methods
- Laparoscopic methods What is excisional biopsy? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Removes part or all of the tumor thru a surgical incision What is a fine-needle aspiration? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Removing cells and fluid with a small-bore needle and syringe (used commonly in thyroid, breast, and lymphnodes) What is immunohistochemistry? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Uses antibodies which recognize and bind to a specific cell products or surface markers to correctly ID the desired antigens Why is immunochemistry helpful to cancer diagnosis? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--- --------------helpful in determining the site of origin of metastatic tumors by
Benign and malignant neoplasms are distinguished by which 5 traits? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------(1) cell characteristics (2) rate of growth (3) manner of growth (4) capacity to invade and metastasize to other parts of the body (5) potential for causing death The suffix _____ refers to the tissue type from which an abnormal growth originiates ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------oma _______ is a benign tumor of glandular epithelial tissues. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Adenoma ________ is a benign tumor of bone tissue. ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Osteoma __________ is a benign finger-like projection that grows on any surface. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Papilloma
__________ is a malignant tumor of epithelial tissue origin. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Carcinoma ____________ is a malignant tumor of glandular epithelial tissues --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Adenocarcinoma __________ is a malignant tumor of mesenchymal (multipotent) origin. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Sarcoma What is a polyp? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Growth that projects from a mucosal surface, such as the intestine What is carcinoma in situ? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A localized pre- invasive lesion that can be surgically removed or treated A malignant tumor of the epithelial (surface) is called ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------Squamous cell carcinoma A benign tumor of the epithelial (surface) tissue is called ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Papilloma
Normal tissue growth responds with ________ and ________ ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Hypertrophy and hyperplasia Neoplasms don't respond to _____ _______ _____ ______ (4 words) --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Appropriate cellular signaling stimuli Normal tissue renewal and repair requires what 3 things? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis What is proliferation? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Process of cell division. Adaptive process for new cell growth to replace old cells or when additional cells are needed. Neoplasms tend to have _______ ______ that cause excessive and uncontrolled proliferation that is unregulated by normal growth-regulating stimuli. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Genetic abnormalities What is differentiation? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Process by which cells become more specialized with each mitotic division
What is apoptosis? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Programmed cell death. Eliminates old, damaged, or unwanted cells What are proto-oncogenes? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Cell growth. They encode proteins that signal for the cell to proliferate What do tumor suppressor genes do? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Cell death. Encode proteins that inhibit cell growth and signal (when necessary) for apoptosis What is the G1 phase of the cell cycle? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------DNA synthesis stops while the cell enlarges and both RNA and protein synthesis begins What is the S phase of the cell cycle? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------DNA synthesis occurs, producing 2 separate sets of chromosomes one for each daughter cell What is the G2 phase of the cell cycle? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------DNA synthesis again stops while RNA/protein synthesis continues.
What type of cells found in the body may permanently stay in G0? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Neurons (highly specialized and terminally differentiated cells) What may prompt a cell to leave the G0 phase? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------- ------Cell receives stimuli via:
- Growth factors
- Hormones
- Other signals that trigger growth Give an example of a cell type found in the body that remains in G0 phase until prompted. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Blood loss or tissue injury Define cell proliferation ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division. In normal tissues, the number of new cells being produced is __________ to the number of cells dying or being shed. ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Equivalent
When considering cell proliferation, human cells fall within one of these two categories: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------1. Gametes (ovum and sperm)
- Somatic (non-reproductive cells) Gametes are _________ ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Haploids What is a haploid? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes What are haploids designed for? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Sexual function After fusion, a _________ cell is formed ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Diploid How many sets of chromosomes do diploids have? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------- ---------- 2 Diploids are an example of what type of cell? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ---Somatic
As differentiation progresses, the process within each developing cell type must be _____ ______ ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Tightly regulated As cells become more and more specialized they lose the ability to develop the _______ and _____ characteristics of other cell types ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------Structural; functional What is the benefit of specialized cells being unable to take on the structural and functional characteristics of other cell types? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- --It ensures that the integrity and composition of developing organs is maintained and free from differing cell types What happens when specialized cells are unable to divide? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------They rely on parent cells of the same lineage that are still able to divide Stem cells, unlike progenitor cells, remain incompletely _______ and _______ until they are needed. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Differentiated; dormant
When a stem cell divides, what happens to its 2 daughter cells? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------One retains the stem cell characteristics while the other becomes a parent cell until it reaches a state of terminal differentiation What are 2 important properties of stem cells? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------ -----1. Self renewal
- Potency What is self renewal as it pertains to stem cells? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------Stem cell can undergo many mitotic divisions while maintaining an undifferentiated state What is potency as it pertains to stem cells? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
- The differentiation potential of steem cells Pluripotent stem cells can ____________ ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Potentially differentiate into any cell type Multipotent stem cells can ________ ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Differentiate into only a few types
Describe the histology of benign tumors ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Well-differentiated, resemble the cells of tissues of origin What are benign tumors not capable of? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Metastasizing A rim of connective tissue found around a benign tumor is called a ______ --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Fibrous capsule What do malignant neoplasms do? (3 things) ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- --1. Invade and destroy tissue
- Grow rapidly
- Spread to other parts of the body via the lymphatic or circulatory systems Malignant neoplasms may secrete _____ ______ _____ ____ which increases blood supply to the tumor and facilitates more rapid growth ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor (VEGF) A malignant tumor of the connective fibrous tissue is called ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Fibrosarcoma
A benign tumor of the connective adipose tissue is called ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Lipoma A malignant tumor of the connective adipose tissue is called ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Liposarcoma A benign tumor of the smooth muscle tissue is called ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------Leiomyoma A malignant tumor of the smooth muscle tissue is called ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Leiomyosarcoma A benign tumor of the neural nerve cell tissue is called ---------CORRECT ANSWER-- ---------------Neuroma A malignant tumor of the neural nerve cell tissue is called ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Neuroblastoma
A malignant tumor of the Endothelial: Blood vessels is called ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Hemangiosarcoma What is anaplasia? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------"to form backward" Describes loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue Name some morphological changes with anaplasia. ---------CORRECT ANSWER------ -----------1. Cells and nuclei have variations in size and shape (pleomorphism)
- Chromatin is coarse and clumped
- Nucleoli contain abnormal amount of chromosomes Rather than the tissue of origin, anaplastic cells resemble ______ ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Undifferentiated or embryonic cells Based on the neoplasm grading scale, what would a well differentiated neoplasm be classified as? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Grade I
The closer the tumor cells resemble comparable normal tissue cells, both morphologically and functionally, the _______ the grade ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Lower Based on the neoplasm grading scale, what would a poorly differentiated neoplasm be classified as? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Grade IV The dysregulated nature of cancer often leads to a ______ frequency of genetic errors and therefore an increase in its ________ _________ ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------High; genetic instability ______ refers to chromosomes lost or gained ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ---aneuploidy ______ refers to insertions, deletions, and amplifications of chromosomes --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------intrachromosomal instability ________ refers to short, repetitive sequences of DNA ---------CORRECT ANSWER-- ---------------Microsatellite instability
