Download BIO202 Final Exam Study Guide Exam Questions With Well Detailed Answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
BIO202 Final Exam Study Guide (StraighterLine
A&P II) 2024 Graded A
Viscosity of Blood? - ANSWER>>twice as thick as water
How long does it take for a drop of blood to circulate through the entire system? - ANSWER>>20-60 seconds
What is the composition of Blood - ANSWER>>55% plasma, 45% formed elements,
What are the fucntions of blood? - ANSWER>>-Moves regulatory and processed molecules, gasses, waste, and nutrients -Regulats pH and osmosis process -Maintain body temperature -Protect against foreign substances -Assist in clotting
What is the composition of plasma? - ANSWER>>91% water 7% proteins 2% other solutes
What proteins are found in blood plasma? - ANSWER>>albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
What solutes are found in blood plasma? - ANSWER>>Ions, nutrients, waste products, gasses, regulatory substances
What are two blood disorders - ANSWER>>Anemia and sickle-cell disease
What is sickle-cell disease? - ANSWER>>an abnormal red blood cell that has a crescent shape and an abnormal form of hemoglobin
What is anemia? - ANSWER>>a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood
How much blood does the heart pump per minute? - ANSWER>>~5 1/4 Quarts per minute
What are action potentials? - ANSWER>>Sequence of electrical changes when a nerve membrane receives a stimulus that exceeds a threshold
What is depolarization? - ANSWER>>Loss of an electrical charge on the surface of a membrane
What is Repolarization? - ANSWER>>Gain of electrical charge on the surface of a membrane
What are the functions of the heart? - ANSWER>>generating blood pressure, routing blood, ensuring one-way blood flow, regulating blood supply
What are the two divisions of the heart? - ANSWER>>Pulmonary Circuit and Systemic Circuit
What are the components of the heart? - ANSWER>>Pericardium, Heart Wall, Chambers, Valves
What is the pericardium? - ANSWER>>Double-walled sac that surrounds the heart and reduces friction between pericardial membranes
What is the heart wall? - ANSWER>>Three protective layers of tissue
What to chambers of the heart do? - ANSWER>>Receive and return blood from and to the body
What are lymphocytes? - ANSWER>>White blood cells found in lymph, blood, etc.m and provide immunity. They originate in bone marrow.
What are the two lymphocytes? - ANSWER>>B cells and T cells
What are B cells? - ANSWER>>Lymphocytes that produce antibodies
What are T cells? - ANSWER>>a lymphocyte of a type produced or processed by the thymus gland and actively participating in the immune response.
What are macrophages? - ANSWER>>They are big eaters that engulf debris, foreign materials, bacteria, and viruses.
What are dendritic cells? - ANSWER>>Antigen presenting cells located in the, epidermis, mucus membrane and lymphatic organs
What are reticular cells? - ANSWER>>fibroblasts covering and secreting the fiber network
What are the lymphatic organs? - ANSWER>>red bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen
What are the functions of the lymphatic system? - ANSWER>>fluid balance, fat absorption, defense
What are the Lymphatic Body Defenses? - ANSWER>>Edema, Immune System, Lymph Nodes
What is edema? - ANSWER>>a condition characterized by an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body. Swelling.
What is the immune system? - ANSWER>>The body's cells defense against disease causing organisms.
What are lymph nodes? - ANSWER>>Filter interstitial fluid and lymph. Swollen glands mean you are fighting an infection
Functions of the respiratory system? - ANSWER>>Gas exchange, Olfaction (ability to smell), protection, regulation of blood pH by managing CO2 levels, Voice production
What are the upper respiratory organs? - ANSWER>>nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx
What are the lower respiratory organs? - ANSWER>>larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
What are the functions of the sinuses? - ANSWER>>Reduce weight of the Skull, drain mucus into nasal cavity, Serve as resonating chamber to amplify voice
What are the functions of the nasal cavity? - ANSWER>>Warms cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air; detects odors in the airstream
What is the function of the nose? - ANSWER>>Provides passage to nasal cavity; Prevents large particles from entering the body
What is the function of the pharynx? - ANSWER>>passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils
What is the function of the larynx? - ANSWER>>houses vocal cords; prevents foreign objects such as food and drink from entering trachea
Function of the trachea? - ANSWER>>Maintains open passageway for air, filters air with mucus lining
What is Lung Cancer? - ANSWER>>uncontrolled cell division in the lungs that is often caused by smoking and can lead to death
What is Pneumonia? Its treatment? - ANSWER>>Lower respiratory tract infection causing alveoli to fill with dead WBCs. Treatment is Rest, fluids, and aspirin.
What is Strep Throat? Treatment? - ANSWER>>Bacterial inflamed pharynx associated with pain. Treatment is antibiotics.
What is tuberculosis? Treatment? - ANSWER>>Bacteria invaded lungs that create tubercle structures impeding respiration. Treatment is antibiotics.
What are the digestive controls? - ANSWER>>Mechanical Digestion, Chemical Digestion, Digestion Enzymes
What are the four major digestive enzyme categories? - ANSWER>>Salivary, Gastric, Pancreatic, Intestinal
Functions of Salivary Enzymes? - ANSWER>>Break down starch and glycogen into dissacharides
Functions of Gastric Enzymes? - ANSWER>>Break down proteins and butter fats
What are the digestive proceses? - ANSWER>>Ingestion, Mastication, Propulsion, Mixing, Secretion, Digestion, Absorption
What is ingestion? - ANSWER>>taking food into the mouth
What is mastication? - ANSWER>>chewing food
What is propulsion? - ANSWER>>swallowing and peristalsis
What is mixing? - ANSWER>>Food mixes with digestive secretions and is broken up into usable components for the body
What is secretion? - ANSWER>>Function of the intestine to break down food
What is Diegestion? - ANSWER>>Conversion of food to energy
What is absorption - ANSWER>>Nutrients move out of digestive tract into circulatory system for bodily distribution
What are the digestive organs? - ANSWER>>oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
What are the digestive accessory organs? - ANSWER>>teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What does the liver do? - ANSWER>>It produces bile which neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fat
What does the gallbladder do? - ANSWER>>stores and concentrates bile
What do the pancreas do? - ANSWER>>Produce and secrete pancreatic juice
What is pancreatic juice? - ANSWER>>a variety of enzymes, including:
- trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase (break down proteins),
- pancreatic lipase (breaks down lipids),
- nucleases (break down nucleic acids) and
- amylase (breaks down starches.)
- bicarbonate ions in the enzyme mix help to raise the pH of chyme.
What is a calorie? - ANSWER>>the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
