Higher National in Computing
Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure
ASSIGNMENT 1
Learner’s name: Tran Quang Hien
ID: GCS210109
Class: GCS1003A
Subject code: 1619
Assignment due: Assignment submitted:
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Higher National in Computing
Unit 2 : Networking Infrastructure
ASSIGNMENT 1
Learner’s name: Tran Quang Hien ID: GCS Class: GCS1003A Subject code: 1619 Assignment due: Assignment submitted:
ASSIGNMENT 2 FRONT SHEET Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure Submission date 06/03/2022 Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Tran Quang Hien Student ID GCS Class GCS1003A Assessor name Nguyen Xuan Sam Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature Grading grid
P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 D
Assignment Brief 1 (RQF)
Higher National Certificate/Diploma in Computing
Student Name/ID Number: Tran Quang Hien/ GCS Unit Number and Title: Unit 2: Networking Academic Year: 2022 Unit Assessor: Sam X. Nguyen Assignment Title: Networking Infrastructure Issue Date: April 1st, 2021 Submission Date: Internal Verifier Name: Date: Submission Format: Format: The submission is in the form of an individual written report. This should be written in a concise, formal business style using single spacing and font size 12. You are required to make use of headings, paragraphs and subsections as appropriate, and all work must be supported with research and referenced using the Harvard referencing system. Please also provide a bibliography using the Harvard referencing system. Submission ● Students are compulsory to submit the assignment in due date and in a way requested by the Tutor. ● The form of submission will be a soft copy posted on http://cms.greenwich.edu.vn/. ● Remember to convert the word file into PDF file before the submission on CMS. Note: ● The individual Assignment must be your own work, and not copied by or from another student. ● If you use ideas, quotes or data (such as diagrams) from books, journals or other sources, you must reference your sources, using the Harvard style. ● Make sure that you understand and follow the guidelines to avoid plagiarism. Failure to comply this requirement will result in a failed assignment.
Unit Learning Outcomes: LO1 Examine networking principles and their protocols. LO 2 Explain networking devices and operations. Assignment Brief and Guidance: Assignment scenario You are employed as a network engineer by Nguyen Networking Limited, a high-tech networking solution development company, which has branches in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Da Nang and Can Tho. The company has been contracted to implement a networking project from a local educational institute. The specification of the project is given below: People: 200 students, 15 teachers, 12 marketing and administration staff, 5 higher managers including the academic heads and the programme managers, and 3 computer network administrators. Resources: 50 student lab computers, 35 staff computers, and 3 printers. Building: 3 floors, all computers and printers are on the ground floor apart from the IT labs – one lab located on the first floor and another located on the second floor. Task 1 The CEO of the company, Mr. Nguyen, has asked you to investigate and explain networking principles, protocols and devices and submit a report. You will need to produce a report that includes the following:
- An introduction to provide an overview of your report.
- Benefits and constraints of different types of networks and networking standards.
- The impact of network topology, speed of communication and bandwidth requirements.
- Effectiveness of networking systems.
- Discussion on operating principles of networking devices and server types and networking software.
- Discuss the relationship of workstation hardware with networking software.
- Explore a range of server types and justify the selection of a server, considering a given scenario regarding cost and performance optimization.
- For the given specification, identify the topology protocol for the efficient utilization of a networking system.
Table of Contents
ASSIGNMENT 1 ANSWER P1. Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards
1. Overview about Network The exchange of information or services among individuals, groups, or institutions is referred to as networking. It is made up of a number of devices that communicate with one another. Imagine a spiderweb with several spiders, each of which can link and approach each other via spider silk. Almost everywhere, networks are used. We wouldn't be able to use our computers at school or at work if they weren't available. Seriously, without the internet, many jobs that appear to be simple when completed with a computer would become very hard to do. Most of the technological services we use, such as desktop computers, laptops, tablets, smartphones, televisions, game consoles, smart appliances, and other gadgets, are all connected through networks. Figure 1: Network devices Source: https://techterms.com/definition/network 1.1 Types of network There are several sorts of networks, each of which may be utilized for a variety of reasons and by a variety of individuals and organizations. Here are some of the different sorts of networks you could encounter. 1.1.1 Local Area Network (LAN)
- Define: A local area network, often known as LAN, is a network that links computers within a certain geographic region. This might happen in a classroom, a workplace, or even your own house. A PC, for example, may connect to the router using Ethernet, whilst smartphones and tablets might connect via Wi-Fi. All router-connected devices share the same network and, in many cases, the same Internet connection. Benefits: A local area network (LAN) is handy for sharing resources like as files, printers, games, and other programs. Because data is housed on a single computer, it might be simple to handle.
- Constraints: The LAN administrator has access to each LAN user's personal data files and can inspect them. He may also view the
LAN user's PC and internet history. As a result, security has been compromised, and privacy has been violated. In addition, the available space is restricted. 1.1.2 Campus Area Networks (CAN)
- Define: A campus network is a local area network (LAN) or a set of connected LANs used by a government agency, institution, company, or other similar entity. It is often a network that spans a number of buildings that are near together.
- Benefit A wireless link can be used to connect multiple departments and buildings within a company. CAN is cost-effective because it requires fewer wires, switches, hubs, and routers.
- Constraints: When compared to other networks, CAN troubleshooting and maintenance are more costly. The size of the connection between nodes (computers) is restricted, so you can't connect a large number of them in CAN. Also, it is possible to have a maximum length of 40 meters. 1.1.3 Home Area Networks (HAN)
- Define: A home area network is a network that links devices in a house. Personal computers, tablets, cellphones, printers, televisions, and other gadgets may be included. This Home Area Network allows smart gadgets to communicate and share resources through a network connection.
- Benefits: A Home Area Network provides superior security since it is protected from illegal access by security software, passwords, and other measures. It's a lot easier to manage now that it's connected to the home network.
- Constrains: We can see that one of the major drawbacks is the expensive cost, as it necessitates the use of sophisticated and high- tech gadgets to function in the network. 1.1.4 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
- Define: A wireless local area network (WLAN) is a network that enables devices to connect and interact wirelessly. WLAN, unlike LAN, uses the internet to commute rather than conventional connections.
- Benefits: Workstations are easy to add or remove. You may even shift your workstation while keeping your connection. The light of sight is not required for propagation. You can connect devices in either direction unless they are inside the range of the access point.
- Constraints: WLAN requires a license and has a limited coverage area. If necessary, government authorities can restrict WLAN transmissions. Data transport from linked devices to the internet may be hampered as a result of this. The data transfer rate reduces as the number of linked devices grows. 1.1.5 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
- Define: A MAN network is a network model that connects many LANs via cables, transmission facilities, and other means. The connection range is large, similar to that of a metropolis. Organizations and corporations with several branches or divisions are the most common users of the MAN network paradigm.
devices. PAN has a range of 10 meters and is utilized for personal purposes such as data exchange among gadgets. Some personal area networks are wired, such as USB, while others, such as Bluetooth, are wireless. WPAN stands for wireless personal area network.
- Benefits: A personal area network does not necessitate the use of additional wiring or space. To link two devices, all you have to do is turn on Bluetooth on both devices and start sharing data.
- Constraints: **The maximum signal range is 10 meters, which limits long-distance sharing. When compared to other types of networks like LAN, Bluetooth and infrared have a sluggish data transfer rate (local area network).
- Overview about Protocol** Network protocols are a collection of rules that regulate how computer network devices - from servers and routers to endpoints - format, send, and receive data. For device networks, standardized protocol networks provide a common language. Computers would be unable to interact with one another without them. A network protocol links one device's layer to another device's layer, with each layer adding control information to the communication. The message is eventually carried via a stream of bits carried by the physical layer. Each protocol is implemented at each layer by each network device. Ethernet is a network protocol designed for use in local area networks (LAN). Figure 2: Overview about Protocol Source: https://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap2/chap2.htm# At the application layer, this is an example of a real network protocol stack; we may use an application layer protocol such as HTTP. We'll jump right to the transport layer, where TCP (transmission control protocol) may be used, followed by IP and the Internet Protocol. Our IP network might be built on top of Ethernet, with an Ethernet data link layer and 1000 base-T connections as our physical layer. 2.1 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) The core protocol of the Internet Protocol Suite is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a network protocol that works in conjunction with the Internet Protocol. TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Suite. TCP is a protocol that allows an octet stream (8-bit data block) to be securely delivered across an IP network. The ability to send orders and check for mistakes is TCP's key feature. TCP is used by every major Internet application, including the World Wide Web, email, and file transmission.
2 .2 Internet Protocol (IP) For transporting data over a network, the Internet Protocol is the most important protocol in the Internet protocol suite. The Internet Protocol's routing function fundamentally aids in the establishment of the Internet. This protocol was previously known as the Transmission Control Program's connectionless datagram service (TCP). As a result, TCP/IP is another name for the Internet protocol suite. 2.3 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, and it is an application protocol for networked, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. The World Wide Web's data communication is built on the HTTP protocol. Hypertext is a type of organized text that employs hyperlinks to connect text nodes. HTTP is the industry standard for exchanging and transferring hypertext. 2.4 Domain Name System (DNS) Domain names are converted to IP addresses via the Domain Name System (DNS). The DNS system is hierarchical, with the server root, TLD, and authorisation server all being listed. 2.5 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) The ICMP protocol is used to convey network error signals. It utilizes the IP protocol. It assists in the diagnosis of network communication problems. ICMP is mostly used to evaluate whether data is reaching its intended destination in the most efficient manner. 2.6 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) This protocol operates on IP networks, allocating IP addresses to networked devices and hosts. It also permits them to converse effectively with one another. DHCP assigns the subnet mask, default gateway address, domain name server (DNS) address, and other setup information in addition to the IP address. 2.7 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) To administer the network, a basic network management protocol is employed. Monitoring, setting, and managing device networks are all possible with SNMP. On the device network, you may also set up SNMP traps to alert the server hub when the tool is ready to use. 2.8 Hypertext Transfer Protocol over SSL/TLS (HTTPS) HTTPS is used in conjunction with HTTP to provide similar services with the added security of SSL or TLS. 2.9 Secured Shell (SSH) SSH is the most used mechanism for securely manipulating network devices at the command level. Because Telnet does not provide secure connections, SSH is frequently used as an alternative.
3. International Networking Standards Organizations American National Standards Institute (ANSI) The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is the main organization in charge of organizing and releasing computer and information technology standards in the United States. Information Technology Industry Council (ITIC) The Information Technology Industry Council (ITIC) is an association of several dozen companies in the information technology (computer) industry. ITIC is an ANSI-approved standards development organization (SDO) that develops and processes standards on a wide range of computer-related issues. National Committee for Information Technology (NCITS) The ITIC formed a committee to define and maintain information technology standards. It has multiple subcommittees that produce and maintain technical standards.
Based on device selection and availability, this has a significant influence on network cost, scalability, and bandwidth capacity. This has a significant influence on data packet delivery and speed. It also controls data flow and ensures that data packets are delivered in a timely manner. It is an actual route concerned with the transmission. It's a high level depiction of data flow. Physical connection of the network. Data path followed of the network. 2.4 Types of Topology I'll take you through the most popular network topology definitions so you can get a sense of their benefits and drawbacks. 2.4.1 Star Topology The most common network architecture is a star topology, which is a network model that consists of a central device and information nodes under its management. Workstations, terminals, and other LAN devices can act as information nodes in this scenario. The central hub acts as a manager, directing and controlling system activity. Figure 3: Star Topology Source: https://www.totolink.vn/article/59-cac-kieu-topology-cua-mang-lan.html Advantages: Devices may be added, uninstalled, or upgraded without slowing down the central hub. Installing and modifying it is simple. The topology may be configured with less cabling. Troubleshooting is simple. It's simple to remove parts and spot flaws. Disadvantages: All linked nodes are deactivated if the central hub fails. More cable length is required than with linear topologies. The hub's efficiency, power, and arrangement determine its performance. 2. 4 .2 Bus Topology This is a sort of topology in which all devices, such as servers, workstations, and information nodes, are connected to one another via a single main cable for data transmission. Two terminator devices seal the cable's two ends. The destination's particular address is carried in the data and signals transferred across the cable.
Figure 4: Bus Topology Source: https://www.totolink.vn/article/59-cac-kieu-topology-cua-mang-lan.html Advantages: It's ideal for small network configurations. It is possible to link the needed nodes using less cable. Allows for the expansion or contraction of a network. Affordability Simple to comprehend Disadvantages:
- Because determining the cause of the problem is hard, the system must be shut down for inspection and recovery.
- It is simple to cause state congestion on the transmission line while transferring data with a big volume of storage. 2.4.3 Ring Topology A ring topology's nodes are organized in a circle (or ring). Data can flow in either one or both ways throughout the ring network, with each device having exactly two neighbors. Figure 5: Ring Topology Source: https://www.totolink.vn/article/59-cac-kieu-topology-cua-mang-lan.html Advantages: Implementation costs are low. Better than bus topology in terms of performance and ability to function under large loads. Orderly network flow. It's easy to spot flaws and misconfiguration.
Disadvantages: The method of installation is complicated. Designing and maintaining it is difficult. Costly. In order to link one topology to another, hardware must be changed. 2.4.6 Tree Topology The tree topology structure takes its name from the fact that the central node acts as a network's trunk, with nodes extending outward in a branch-like pattern. In a star topology, each node is connected directly to the central hub, whereas in a tree topology, the nodes are connected in a parent-child hierarchy. Those connected to the central hub are linked to other nodes in a linear way, thus two connected nodes share just one connection. The tree topology structure is frequently used for wide area networks to handle numerous spread-out devices since it is both incredibly flexible and scalable. Figure 8 : Tree Topology Source: https://boxhoidap.com/overview-of-network-topologies Advantages: Combination of bus and star topologies. Easy to manage. It is simple to enlarge. Appropriate for medium-sized enterprises. Disadvantages: The network is reliant on the root node's health. Expertise in networking is required. There's a lot of cable involved. Larger deployments necessitate the use of monitoring software. It's possible to overspend. 3. Communication Network communication, also known as internetworking, refers to a collection of protocols (i.e., rules and standards) that enable application programs to communicate with one another regardless of the hardware or operating systems they are running on. Application programs can interact through the internet regardless of their actual network connectivity.
4. Rules of Communication Message Encoding:
- The format of the encoding between hosts must be acceptable for the medium. The transmitting host converts messages into bits first. Depending on the network media, each bit is encoded as a sequence of noises, light waves, or electrical impulses. To comprehend the message, the destination host receives and decodes the signals. Message Formatting and Encapsulation:
- For appropriate delivery, there is an agreed-upon structure for letters and addressing letters. Encapsulation is the process of placing a letter into an addressed envelope. Before being delivered over the network, each computer communication is contained in a precise format known as a frame. A frame functions as an envelope, containing both the destination and source addresses. Message Size: Long messages are broken down into smaller chunks or phrases by humans. To travel over a network, long messages must be broken down into smaller parts. Each item is encased in its own frame. Each frame contains its own set of addressing data. Multiple frames will be reconstructed into the original message by the receiving host. Mesage Timing:
- Access Method: Hosts on a network must understand when to start transmitting messages and how to handle collisions.
- Flow Control: To prevent overloading the destination and guarantee that information is received, source and destination hosts utilize flow control to negotiate precise timing.)
- Response Timeout: Network hosts have rules that govern how long they should wait for responses and what they should do if a response timeout occurs. 5. Bandwidth The ability of a wired or wireless communications link to send data through a network connection in a certain length of time is measured in network bandwidth. The amount of bits, kilobits, megabits, or gigabits that can be communicated in one second is commonly used as a measure of bandwidth. Data transfer rate is defined by bandwidth, which is synonymous with capacity. It's a popular misperception that bandwidth is a measure of network speed. Why bandwidth is important: The amount of bandwidth available is restricted. There is only so much capacity available at any particular deployment area, such as a house or company. This is sometimes due to the network device's physical restrictions, such as the router or modem, cabling, or the wireless frequencies being utilized. Other times, a network administrator or an internet or wide area network (WAN) provider will limit bandwidth on purpose. **P3. Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types
- Network devices 1.1 Switch** A switch is a network switching device that connects network segments in a star architecture. The switch serves as a central hub in this architecture, and all other satellite devices, including computers, are linked to it, forming a temporary connection for data transport. In addition, the Switch features Full Duplex technology, which allows it to increase the transmission line's capacity in a way that other devices cannot. The switch device may be thought of as