Download Anatomy Basics: Position, Terms, Regions, Planes, Cavities and more Summaries Anatomy in PDF only on Docsity!
ANATOMICAL POSITION
- in the anatomical position, the body is standing erect and facing forward, the feet are together, and the arms are hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
- describe parts of the body relative to each other
TERM DEFINITION Supine Lying face upward Prone Lying face downward Superior Higher/ above Inferior Lower/ below Anterior Front/ Toward the front of the body Posterior Back/ toward the back of the body Ventral Belly/ Toward the belly
Dorsal Back/ Toward the back Proximal Nearest/ Closer to a point of attachment Distal Distant/ Farther from a point of attachment Medial Toward the midline Lateral Away from the midline Superficial Toward to the surface of the body Deep Toward the interior of the body
BODY PARTS AND REGIONS
- used to designate specific areas within The major body divisions
CENTAL REGION OF THE BODY (AXIAL PARTS)
**1. Head
- Neck
- Trunk-** can be divided into: a) Throrax (Chest) b) Abdomen (region between thorax and pelvis) c) Pelvis (inferior end of the trunk associated with the hips)
UPPER LIMB (APPENDICULAR PARTS)
1. Arm- extends from the shoulder to the elbow 2. Forearm- extends from the elbow to wrist **3. Wrist
- Hand**
LOWER LIMB (APPENDICULAR PARTS)
1. Thigh- extends from the hip to the knee 2. Leg- extends from the knee to the ankle **3. Ankle
- Foot**
ABDOMEN (APPENDICULAR PARTS)
- often subdivided superficially into four sections or quadrants by to imaginary lines that intersect at the navel
a. Quadrants- right-upper (RUQ), left-upper (LUQ), right-lower (RLQ), and left-lower (LLQ) b. Regions- uses four imaginary lines that created an imaginary tic-tac-toe figure on the abdomen, resulting nine regions:
1. Epigastric- located superior to the umbilical region 2. Right hypochondriac- lie lateral to the epigastric region and deep to the ribs (chondro = cartilage)
- Left hypochondriac- lie lateral to the epigastric region and deep to the ribs (chondro = cartilage) 4. Umbilical- the centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel) 5. Right lumbar- lie lateral to the umbilical region (lumbus = loin) 6. Left lumbar- lie lateral to the umbilical region (lumbus = loin)
- Hypogastric- located inferior to the umbilical region
- Right iliac- located lateral to the hypogastric region (iliac = superior part of the hip bone)
- Left iliac- located lateral to the hypogastric region (iliac = superior part of the hip bone)
PLANES
- imaginary flat surface
- the body is often cut, or sectioned, along a flat surface
TERMS
Sagittal Plane Runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left parts Median Plane A sagittal plane that passes though the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves Transverse/ Horizontal Plane
Runs parallel to the surface of the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts Frontal/ Coronal Plane Runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Longitudinal Section A cut through the long axis of the organ Transverse Section/ Cross Section
A cut at a right angle to the long axis Oblique Section A cut is made across the long axis at other than a right angle
contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears
9. SYNOVIAL CAVITIES
- are joint cavities
- they are enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints of the body
- like the serous membranes, membranes lining synovial cavities secrete a lubricating fluid that reduces friction as the bones move across one another.
SEROUS MEMBRANES
- line the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these cavities
- to understand the relationship between serous membranes and an organ, imagine pushing your fist into an inflated balloon. The inner balloon wall in contact with your fist (organ) represents the visceral serous membrane, and the outer part of the balloon wall represents the parietal serous membrane
- the part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is called the parietal serosa. It folds in on itself to form the visceral serosa , covering the organs in the cavity.
- The cavity, or space, between the visceral and parietal serous membranes is normally filled with a thin, lubricating film of serous fluid produced by the membranes - As an organ rubs against another organ or against the body wall, the serous fluid and smooth serous membranes reduce friction. - Thoracic cavity contains three serous membrane-lined cavities: 1. PERICARDIAL CAVITY - surrounds the heart. The visceral pericardium covers the heart, which is contained within a connective tissue sac lined with the parietal pericardium. The pericardial cavity, which contains pericardial fluid, is located between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium 2. TWO PLEURAL CAVITIES - surrounds each lung, which is covered by visceral pleura. Parietal pleura lines the inner surface of the thoracic wall, the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm. The pleural cavity is located between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura and contains pleural fluid. - Abdominopelvic cavity contains a serous membrane-lined cavity called the peritoneal cavity. Visceral peritoneum covers many of the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity. Parietal peritoneum lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior surface of the diaphragm. - Peritoneal cavity is located between the visceral peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum and contains peritoneal fluid. - Serous membranes can become inflamed—usually as a result of an infection. - Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium - Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura
- Peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneum.
POSTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS
Abdominal Anterior body trunk inferior to ribs Acromial Point of shoulder Antebrachial Forearm Antecubital Anterior surface of elbow Axillary Armpit Brachial Arm Buccal Cheek area Carpal Wrist Cervical Neck region Coxal Hip Crucal Anterior leg; shin Deltoid Curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle Digital Fingers, toes Femoral Thigh (applies to both anterior and posterior) Fibular Lateral part of leg Frontal Forehead Inguinal Area where thigh meets body trunk; groin Mental Chin Nasal Nose area Oral Mouth Orbital Eye area Patellar Anterior knee Pectoral Relating to, or occurring in or on, the chest Pelvic Area overlying the pelvis anteriorly Pubic Genital region Sternal Breastbone area Tarsal Ankle region Thoracic Are between the neck
and abdomen, supported by the ribs, sternum and costal cartilages; chest Umbilical Navel POSTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS Calcaneal Heel or foot Cephalic Head Femoral Thigh Gluteal Buttock Lumbar Area of back between ribs and hips, loin Occipital Posterior surface of head or base of skull Olacranal Posterior surface of elbow Popliteal Posterior knee area Sacral Area between hips at base of spine Scapular Shoulder blade region Sural Posterior surface of leg; calf Vertebral Area of spinal column
REFERENCE:
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology 5th^ Edition. Scanlon, V.C. & Sanders, T., 2007. F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia. (PDF)
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 12th Edition. Marieb, E.N & Keller, 2016. S.M. Boston : Pearson. (PDF)
Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, Ninth Edition. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., Russo, A.,
- McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY. (PDF)
