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Levels of Organization in Biology: From Atoms to Organisms, Summaries of Anatomy

University of Northern Philippines (UNP)Anatomy

Summary Anatomy

Typology: Summaries

2019/2020

Uploaded on 10/30/2020

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Levels of organization !
1. Atom - smallest unit of pure substances!
2. Molecule!
3. Macromolecule !
4. Organelle!
5. Cell!
6. Tissue!
7. Organ!
8. Organ system!
9. Organism !
Chemical level (subatomic particles)!
1. Atom ———-- simplest building blocks!
Subatomic particle: proton, electron,neutron !
2. Molecules — of matter !
Elements - pure substances e.g.!
1. Hydrogen!
2. Oxygen !
3. Carbon !
4. Nitrogen !
5. Calcium !
6. Iron !
Molecule- chemical building blocks of all structures !
- two/more atoms combined e.g.!
1. Water molecules!
2. Proteins!
3. Sugars !
Cell- smallest unit of living matter (cellular level)!
Individual cell- may have some common function but vary widely in size, shape!
Organ- complex functions begin to emerge at this level !
-two different tissue type e.g.!
1. Brain!
2. Stomach !
3. Liver!
Tissue- groups of similar cells have common function!
-two different cell type!
ORGANISMAL LEVEL!
Organism-OL highest level of org.!
CARTILAGE- form of connective tissue which the cells and fibers are embedded in a gel-like matrix.!
Types: !
1. Hyaline !
2. Fibro!
3. Elastic !
Epithelium
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
pf3

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Levels of organization

1. Atom - smallest unit of pure substances

2. Molecule

3. Macromolecule

4. Organelle

5. Cell

6. Tissue

7. Organ

8. Organ system

9. Organism

Chemical level (subatomic particles)

1. Atom ———-- simplest building blocks

Subatomic particle: proton, electron,neutron

2. Molecules — of matter

Elements - pure substances e.g.

1. Hydrogen

2. Oxygen

3. Carbon

4. Nitrogen

5. Calcium

6. Iron

Molecule- chemical building blocks of all structures

- two/more atoms combined e.g.

1. Water molecules

2. Proteins

3. Sugars

Cell- smallest unit of living matter (cellular level)

Individual cell- may have some common function but vary widely in size, shape

Organ- complex functions begin to emerge at this level

-two different tissue type e.g.

1. Brain

2. Stomach

3. Liver

Tissue- groups of similar cells have common function

-two different cell type

ORGANISMAL LEVEL

Organism-OL highest level of org.

CARTILAGE- form of connective tissue which the cells and fibers are embedded in a gel-like matrix.

Types:

1. Hyaline

2. Fibro

3. Elastic

Epithelium Connective Muscle Nervous

BODY CAVITIES-separate areas which house diff. organ systems

Major cavities:

Central cavity Dorsal cavity

1. Thoracic/pleural cavity 1. Cranial cavity

-ribs, lungs, heart, pericardium, vessels 2. Vertebral cavity

  1. Abdominopelvic cavity ==abdominal=liver, stomach, small&large intestine, spleen, pancreases, GB, kidneys, ureter ==pelvic=UB, uterus, ovaries, Fallopian tube, prostate gland, UB, ejaculatory duct Minor cavities
    1. Orbital -eyes
    2. Nasal-olfactory epithelium
    3. Buccaneers-tongue, teeth, hard&soft palate, uvula, tonsils Skin Fasciae Muscles Joints/articulations -external covering of the body -lie between the skin,underlying muscles and bones -produce contractions that move body -point of union/junction bet. 2/more bones whether or not movement occurs Two parts:
  2. Epidermis
  3. Dermis Divided into:
    1. Superficial fascia/ Subcutaneous tissue -Unites dermis of skin to underlying deep fascia -made of loose areolar,adipose tissue
      1. Skeletal M -voluntary -striated Classified to:
        1. Fibrous -articulating surface are joined by fibrous tissue Appendages:
  4. Nails
  5. Hair follicle
  6. Glands (sebaceous,sweat glands) 2. Deep fascia -membranous layer of connective tissue covering muscles and other deep structures 2. Smooth M -involuntary -non striated 2. Cartilaginous -articulating surfaces are joined by hyaline cartilage/ fibrocartilage 3. Cardiac muscle -involuntary -striated 3. Synovial -articulating surfaces of bones are coveted w/ a thin layer of hyaline cartilage separated by a joint cavity. Ligaments Bursar Synovial sheath Blood vesssel -cord/band of connective tissue uniting two structures -lubricating device consisting of a closed fibrous sac lined with a delicate smooth membrane -tubular bursar that surrounds a tendon Three types: 1. Arteries -transported blood from heart—throughout body Composed of:
  7. Collagen fibers (Unstretchable) -found wherever tendons rub against bones, ligaments, other tendons/ proximity to joints where the skin rubs against underlying bony structure. 2. Vein - transport blood back — heart
  8. Elastic fibers (Stretchable)
    1. Capillaries -microscopic vessels connecting arterioles — venues